Prehypertension during Young Adulthood and Coronary Calcium Later in Life

  1. Mark J. Pletcher, MD, MPH;
  2. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, PhD, MD;
  3. Cora E. Lewis, MD;
  4. Gina S. Wei, MD, MPH;
  5. Steve Sidney, MD, MPH;
  6. J. Jeffrey Carr, MD, MSCE;
  7. Eric Vittinghoff, PhD;
  8. Charles E. McCulloch, PhD; and
  9. Stephen B. Hulley, MD, MPH
  1. From the University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California; and Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

    Abstract

    Background: High blood pressure in middle age is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the consequences of low-level elevations during young adulthood are unknown.

    Objective: To measure the association between prehypertension exposure before age 35 years and coronary calcium later in life.

    Design: Prospective cohort study.

    Setting: Four communities in the United States.

    Participants: Black and white men and women age 18 to 30 years recruited for the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) Study in 1985 through 1986 who were without hypertension before age 35 years.

    Measurements: Blood pressure trajectories for each participant were estimated by using measurements from 7 examinations over the course of 20 years. Cumulative exposure to blood pressure in the prehypertension range (systolic blood pressure of 120 to 139 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure of 80 to 89 mm Hg) from age 20 to 35 years was calculated in units of mm Hg–years (similar to pack-years of tobacco exposure) and related to the presence of coronary calcium measured at each participant's last examination (mean age, 44 years [SD, 4]).

    Results: Among 3560 participants, the 635 (18%) who developed prehypertension before age 35 years were more often black, male, overweight, and of lower socioeconomic status. Exposure to prehypertension before age 35 years, especially systolic prehypertension, showed a graded association with coronary calcium later in life (coronary calcium prevalence of 15%, 24%, and 38% for 0, 1 to 30, and >30 mm Hg–years of exposure, respectively; P < 0.001). This association remained strong after adjustment for blood pressure elevation after age 35 years and other coronary risk factors and participant characteristics.

    Limitation: Coronary calcium, although a strong predictor of future coronary heart disease, is not a clinical outcome.

    Conclusion: Prehypertension during young adulthood is common and is associated with coronary atherosclerosis 20 years later. Keeping systolic pressure below 120 mm Hg before age 35 years may provide important health benefits later in life.

    Article and Author Information

    • Acknowledgment: The CARDIA Study is supported by contracts N01-HC-48047, N01-HC-48048, N01-HC-48049, N01-HC-48050, and N01-HC-95095 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

    • Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest: None disclosed.

    • Reproducible Research Statement: Study protocol: Available at http://www.cardia.dopm.uab.edu. Statistical code: Available from Dr. Pletcher (e-mail, mpletcher{at}epi.ucsf.edu). Data set: A limited-access data set is available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/deca/descriptions/cardia.htm.

    • Requests for Single Reprints: Mark J. Pletcher, MD, MPH, 185 Berry Street, Suite 5700, San Francisco, CA 94107.

    • Current Author Addresses: Drs. Pletcher, Vittinghoff, McCulloch, and Hulley: 185 Berry Street, Suite 5700, San Francisco, CA 94107.

    • Dr. Bibbins-Domingo: San Francisco General Hospital Building 10, Box 1364, WD 13 1313, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1364.

    • Dr. Lewis: 1717 11th Avenue South, Suite 614, Birmingham, AL 35205.

    • Dr. Wei: 6701 Rockledge Drive, Suite 10018, Bethesda, MD 20892-7936.

    • Dr. Sidney: 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612.

    • Dr. Carr: 2000 West 1st Street, Two Piedmont Plaza, Suite 618, Winston-Salem, NC 27104-4225.

    • Author Contributions: Conception and design: M.J. Pletcher, K. Bibbins-Domingo, J.J. Carr, S.B. Hulley.

    • Analysis and interpretation of the data: M.J. Pletcher, G.S. Wei, J.J. Carr, E. Vittinghoff, C.E. McCulloch.

    • Drafting of the article: M.J. Pletcher, S.B. Hulley.

    • Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: M.J. Pletcher, K. Bibbins-Domingo, C.E. Lewis, G.S. Wei, J.J. Carr, E. Vittinghoff, C.E. McCulloch, S.B. Hulley.

    • Final approval of the article: M.J. Pletcher, K. Bibbins-Domingo, C.E. Lewis, G.S. Wei, J.J. Carr, E. Vittinghoff, C.E. McCulloch, S.B. Hulley.

    • Provision of study material: C.E. Lewis, J.J. Carr, S.B. Hulley.

    • Statistical expertise: M.J. Pletcher, E. Vittinghoff, C.E. McCulloch.

    • Obtaining of funding: C.E. Lewis.

    • Administrative, technical, or logistic support: C.E. Lewis, G.S. Wei.

    • Collection and assembly of data: C.E. Lewis, J.J. Carr, S.B. Hulley.

    Responses to this article

    • The rise and rise of "prehypertension"
      • Tom Marshall
      Ann Intern Med published online October 26, 2009

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