Management of Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review for a Clinical Practice Guideline

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   Figure 1. Data search and selection.

   RCT = randomized, controlled trial.
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   Figure 2. Number of participants who had at least 1 exacerbation: inhalation treatments versus placebo.

   LABA = long-acting β₂-agonist; RR = relative risk.
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   Figure 3. Number of participants who had at least 1 exacerbation: inhalation treatments versus active control.

   LABA = long-acting β₂-agonist; NA = not applicable; RR = relative risk; SABA = short-acting β₂-agonist.
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   Figure 4. Mortality: inhalation treatments versus placebo or combination long-acting β₂-agonists and corticosteroid therapy versus monotherapy.

   LABA = long-acting β₂-agonist; LHS = Lung Health Study; RR = relative risk.