Diagnosis and Management of Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians
- Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA;
- Vincenza Snow, MD;
- Paul Shekelle, MD, PhD;
- Katherine Sherif, MD;
- Timothy J. Wilt, MD, MPH;
- Steven Weinberger, MD;
- Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS; and
- for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians*
- From the American College of Physicians and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and RAND, Santa Monica, California; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University, Stanford, California; and Minnesota Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Abstract
Recommendation 1: In patients with respiratory symptoms, particularly dyspnea, spirometry should be performed to diagnose airflow obstruction. Spirometry should not be used to screen for airflow obstruction in asymptomatic individuals. (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence.)
Recommendation 2: Treatment for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should be reserved for patients who have respiratory symptoms and FEV1 less than 60% predicted, as documented by spirometry. (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence.)
Recommendation 3: Clinicians should prescribe 1 of the following maintenance monotherapies for symptomatic patients with COPD and FEV1 less than 60% predicted: long-acting inhaled β-agonists, long-acting inhaled anticholinergics, or inhaled corticosteroids. (Grade: strong recommendation, high-quality evidence.)
Recommendation 4: Clinicians may consider combination inhaled therapies for symptomatic patients with COPD and FEV1 less than 60% predicted. (Grade: weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence.)
Recommendation 5: Clinicians should prescribe oxygen therapy in patients with COPD and resting hypoxemia (Pao2 ≤55 mm Hg). (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence.)
Recommendation 6: Clinicians should consider prescribing pulmonary rehabilitation in symptomatic individuals with COPD who have an FEV1 less than 50% predicted. (Grade: weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence.)
*This paper, written by Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Vincenza Snow, MD; Paul Shekelle, MD, PhD; Katherine Sherif, MD; Timothy J. Wilt, MD, MPH; Steven Weinberger, MD; and Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS, was developed for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians (ACP): Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS (Chair); Donald E. Casey Jr., MD, MPH, MBA; J. Thomas Cross Jr., MD, MPH; Paul Dallas, MD; Nancy C. Dolan, MD; Mary Ann Forciea, MD; Lakshmi Halasyamani, MD; Robert H. Hopkins Jr., MD; and Paul Shekelle, MD, PhD. Approved by the ACP Board of Regents on 14 July 2007.
Article and Author Information
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Note: Clinical practice guidelines are guides only and may not apply to all patients and all clinical situations. Thus, they are not intended to override clinicians' judgment. All ACP clinical practice guidelines are considered automatically withdrawn or invalid 5 years after publication or once an update has been issued.
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Annals of Internal Medicine encourages readers to copy and distribute this paper, provided that such distribution is not for profit. Commercial distribution is not permitted without the express permission of the publisher.
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Disclaimer: The authors of this article are responsible for its contents, including any clinical or treatment recommendations. No statement in this article should be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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Grant Support: Financial support for the development of this guideline comes exclusively from the ACP operating budget.
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Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest: Stock ownership or options (other than mutual funds): S. Weinberger (GlaxoSmithKline). Grants received: V. Snow (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer Inc., Merck & Co. Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Atlantic Philanthropies, Sanofi Pasteur).
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Requests for Single Reprints: Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA, American College of Physicians, 190. N. Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106; e-mail, aqaseem{at}acponline.org.
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Current Author Addresses: Drs. Qaseem, Snow, and Weinberger: 190 N. Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106.
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Dr. Shekelle: 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401.
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Dr. Sherif: 219 North Broad Street, 6th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
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Dr. Wilt: 1 Veterans Drive (111-0), Minneapolis, MN 55417.
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Dr. Owens: 117 Encina Commons, Stanford, CA 94305.
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