Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration

  1. Jan P. Vandenbroucke, MD;
  2. Erik von Elm, MD;
  3. Douglas G. Altman, DSc;
  4. Peter C. Gøtzsche, MD;
  5. Cynthia D. Mulrow, MD;
  6. Stuart J. Pocock, PhD;
  7. Charles Poole, ScD;
  8. James J. Schlesselman, PhD;
  9. Matthias Egger, MD; and
  10. for the STROBE initiative
  1. From Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany; Cancer Research UK/NHS Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nordic Cochrane Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
    1. Box 1.
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      Box 1. Main Study Designs Covered by STROBE
    2. Box 2.
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      Box 2. Matching in Case–Control Studies
    3. Box 4.
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      Box 4. Grouping
    4. Box 3.
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      Box 3. Bias
    5. Box 5.
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      Box 5. Confounding
    6. Box 8.
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      Box 8. Interaction (Effect Modification): The Analysis of Joint Effects
    7. Box 6.
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      Box 6. Missing Data: Problems and Possible Solutions
    8. Figure.
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      Figure. Example of a flow diagram.

      From reference 141.

    9. Box 7.
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      Box 7. Measures of Association, Effect, and Impact
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    1. Ann Intern Med October 16, 2007 vol. 147 no. 8 W-163-W-194
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