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Strategies To Reduce Postoperative Pulmonary Complications after Noncardiothoracic Surgery: Systematic Review for the American College of Physicians
- Valerie A. Lawrence, MD;
- John E. Cornell, PhD; and
- Gerald W. Smetana, MD
- From the South Texas Veterans Health Care System and The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Abstract
Background: Postoperative pulmonary complications are as frequent and clinically important as cardiac complications in terms of morbidity, mortality, and length of stay. However, there has been much less research and no previous systematic reviews of the evidence of interventions to prevent pulmonary complications.
Purpose: To systematically review the literature on interventions to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications after noncardiothoracic surgery.
Data Sources: MEDLINE English-language literature search, 1 January 1980 through 30 June 2005, plus bibliographies of retrieved publications.
Study Selection: Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs); systematic reviews; or meta-analyses that met predefined inclusion criteria.
Data Extraction: Using standardized forms, the authors abstracted data on study methods, quality, intervention and control groups, patient characteristics, surgery, postoperative pulmonary complications, and adverse events.
Data Synthesis: The authors qualitatively synthesized, without meta-analysis, evidence from eligible studies. Good evidence (2 systematic reviews, 5 additional RCTs) indicates that lung expansion interventions (for example, incentive spirometry, deep breathing exercises, and continuous positive airway pressure) reduce pulmonary risk. Fair evidence suggests that selective, rather than routine, use of nasogastric tubes after abdominal surgery (2 meta-analyses) and short-acting rather than long-acting intraoperative neuromuscular blocking agents (1 RCT) reduce risk. The evidence is conflicting or insufficient for preoperative smoking cessation (1 RCT), epidural anesthesia (2 meta-analyses), epidural analgesia (6 RCTs, 1 meta-analysis), and laparoscopic (vs. open) operations (1 systematic review, 1 meta-analysis, 2 additional RCTs), although laparoscopic operations reduce pain and pulmonary compromise as measured by spirometry. While malnutrition is associated with increased pulmonary risk, routine total enteral or parenteral nutrition does not reduce risk (1 meta-analysis, 3 additional RCTs). Enteral formulations designed to improve immune status (immunonutrition) may prevent postoperative pneumonia (1 meta-analysis, 1 additional RCT).
Limitations: The overall quality of the literature was fair: Ten of 20 RCTs and 6 of 11 systematic reviews were good quality.
Conclusions: Few interventions have been shown to clearly or possibly reduce postoperative pulmonary complications.
Article and Author Information
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Disclosure: Members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists also reviewed the manuscript. Their review implies neither agreement with nor endorsement of this document.
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Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge the tremendous contribution of medical librarian Martha R. Harris, MA, for her time and expertise in searching the medical literature and managing the resulting project database. They also thank the Department of Anesthesiology, especially Christopher Jankowski, MD, of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, for assistance in interpreting the anesthesiology literature.
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Grant Support: By the Veterans Evidence-based Research, Dissemination, and Implementation Center (VERDICT) (Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development, HFP 98-002).
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Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest: Stock ownership or options (other than mutual funds): G.W. Smetana (SafeMed Harvard Imaging); Other: G.W. Smetana (Novartis Pharma Schweiz).
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Requests for Single Reprints: Valerie A. Lawrence, MD, Medicine/General Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7879, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900; e-mail, vlawrence{at}uthscsa.edu.
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Current Author Addresses: Drs. Lawrence and Cornell: Medicine/General Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7879, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900.
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Dr. Smetana: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215.
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