Medicare Program Expenditures Associated with Hospice Use
- Diane E. Campbell, PhD;
- Joanne Lynn, MD;
- Tom A. Louis, PhD; and
- Lisa R. Shugarman, PhD
- From Medical Outcomes Research and Evaluation Services, Thetford, Vermont; RAND, Santa Monica, California; The Washington Home Center for Palliative Care Studies, Washington, DC; and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
Abstract
Background: Hospice providers contend that enrollment reduces the cost of the Medicare programs, but estimates of effects are dated, methodologically limited, and focused on persons with cancer.
Objective: To estimate the effects of hospice care on Medicare program payments during the last year of life from 1996 to 1999 within cohorts defined by age and diagnosis.
Design: Retrospective cohort.
Setting: Deceased Medicare enrollees.
Participants: Elderly Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries who received 36 months of continuous Part A and B coverage before death during 1996 to 1999 (n = 245 326). Age- and condition-specific (cancer or noncancer and principal condition) cohorts were defined.
Measurements: Medicare expenditures in the last year of life, as a total figure and by service type. The cost effects of hospice were estimated by using linear regression within the cohorts for hospice enrollees compared with nonenrollees after adjustment for propensity to use hospice, gender, race, enrollment in Medicaid, urban setting, duration of illness, comorbid conditions, low use of Medicare, nursing home residence, and year of death.
Results: Adjusted mean expenditures were 4.0% higher overall among hospice enrollees than among nonenrollees. Adjusted mean expenditures were 1% lower for hospice enrollees with cancer than for patients with cancer who did not use hospice. Savings were highest (7% to 17%) among enrollees with lung cancer and other very aggressive types of cancer diagnosed in the last year of life. Expenditures for hospice enrollees without cancer were 11% higher than for nonenrollees, ranging from 20% to 44% for patients with dementia and 0% to 16% for those with chronic heart failure or failure of most other organ systems. Hospice-related savings decreased and relative costs increased with age.
Conclusion: Hospice enrollment correlates with reduced Medicare expenditures among younger decedents with cancer but increased expenditures among decedents without cancer and those older than 84 years of age. Future studies should assess the effects of hospice on quality and on expenditures from all payment sources.
Article and Author Information
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For author affiliations, see end of text.
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Disclaimer: The findings, statements, and views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and policies of the sponsors.
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Grant Support: By the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, The National Institute on Aging, The Fan Fox-Leslie Samuels Foundation, and The Washington Home Center for Palliative Care Studies. The work was performed under a cooperative agreement with MedPAC, the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission.
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Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest: None disclosed.
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Requests for Single Reprints: Joanne Lynn, MD, Washington Home Center for Palliative Care Studies and RAND, 4200 Wisconsin Avenue, 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20016; e-mail, jlynn{at}rand.org.
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Current Author Addresses: Dr. Campbell: Medical Outcomes Research and Evaluation Services, PO Box 303, Thetford, VT 05074.
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Dr. Lynn: The Washington Home Center for Palliative Care Studies, 4200 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20016.
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Dr. Louis: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205.
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Dr. Shugarman: RAND Corporation, 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138.
- Copyright ©2004 by the American College of Physicians
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