 |
 |
|
Home |
Current Issue |
Past Issues |
In the Clinic |
ACP Journal Club |
CME |
Collections |
Audio/Video |
Mobile |
Subscribe |
Tools |
Help |
ACP Online
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Summaries for Patients are a service provided by Annals to help patients better understand the complicated and often mystifying language of modern medicine.
SUMMARIES FOR PATIENTS
The Effects of Losing Weight through Diet or Exercise Programs on Obesity
18 July 2000 | Volume 133 Issue 2 | Page 92
Summaries for Patients are presented for informational purposes only. These summaries are not a substitute for advice from your own medical provider. If you have questions about this material, or need medical advice about your own health or situation, please contact your physician. The summaries may be reproduced for not-for-profit educational purposes only. Any other uses must be approved by the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine.
The summary below is from the full report titled "Reduction in Obesity and Related Comorbid Conditions after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Exercise-Induced Weight Loss in Men. A Randomized, Controlled Trial." It is in the 18 July 2000 issue of Annals of Internal Medicine (volume 133, pages 92-103). The authors are R. Ross, D. Dagnone, P.J.H. Jones, H. Smith, A. Paddags, R. Hudson, and I. Janssen.
What is the problem and what is known about it so far?
Obesity is related to many illnesses, including high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. Abdominal obesity, in which most of the extra body fat is in a person's belly, has worse health effects than generalized obesity. It is known that weight loss can improve health outcomes in obese persons and that diet and exercise are the two main ways to lose weight. It is not known, however, whether similar weight loss resulting from exercise causes the same improvement in health as weight loss from diet. It is also not known whether exercise without weight loss provides health benefits for people who are overweight.
Why did the researchers do this particular study?
To compare the effects of diet-induced weight loss with those of exercise-induced weight loss, and the effects of an exercise program without weight loss, in obese persons.
Who was studied?
The study included 52 men who had abdominal obesity.
How was the study done?
The researchers randomly assigned each man in the study to weight loss by diet, exercise intended to produce weight loss, exercise not designed to result in weight loss, or no special diet or exercise program (the control group). At the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks, the researchers measured the men's weight, total body fat, proportion of body fat in the abdomen, body muscle, and physical fitness. All of the study patients also had special blood tests for early signs of diabetes (glucose tolerance and insulin resistance).
What did the researchers find?
Men in both the diet and the exercise–weight loss programs lost an average of about 16 pounds. Weight did not change in the control group or in the group assigned to exercise without weight loss. Body fat decreased in both weight loss groups, but men in the exercise–weight loss program lost more body fat than men in the diet–weight loss program. Men assigned to exercise without weight loss lost some abdominal fat. Physical fitness improved in both exercise groups. The tests for early signs of diabetes improved in both weight loss groups.
What were the limitations of the study?
This study included only men with abdominal obesity. It is unclear whether the results would also apply to women, to persons with nonabdominal obesity, or to less obese persons. In addition, the study lasted only 12 weeks; the effects of longer periods of diet or exercise are therefore not known.
What are the implications of the study?
Some health conditions related to obesity may improve with modest weight loss from either diet or exercise. Exercise without weight loss can decrease abdominal fat and may prevent further weight gain but seems to have little effect on the early signs of diabetes.
Related articles in Annals:
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J.-P. Despres, P. Poirier, J. Bergeron, A. Tremblay, I. Lemieux, and N. Almeras From individual risk factors and the metabolic syndrome to global cardiometabolic risk Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2008; 10(suppl_B): B24 - B33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Cho, A. Tsuburaya, J. Sakamoto, S. Morita, K. Oba, T. Yoshikawa, and N. Miyajima A Randomized Phase II Trial of Preoperative Exercise to Reduce Operative Risk in Gastric Cancer Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: Adjuvant Exercise for General Elective Surgery (AEGES) Study Group Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., January 17, 2008; (2008) hym134v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A Harrison and C. P. Day Benefits of lifestyle modification in NAFLD Gut, December 1, 2007; 56(12): 1760 - 1769. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Fontana, D. T. Villareal, E. P. Weiss, S. B. Racette, K. Steger-May, S. Klein, J. O. Holloszy, and and the Washington University School of Medicine C Calorie restriction or exercise: effects on coronary heart disease risk factors. A randomized, controlled trial Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2007; 293(1): E197 - E202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. P. Weiss, S. B. Racette, D. T. Villareal, L. Fontana, K. Steger-May, K. B. Schechtman, S. Klein, A. A. Ehsani, J. O. Holloszy, and Washington University School of Medicine CALERIE G Lower extremity muscle size and strength and aerobic capacity decrease with caloric restriction but not with exercise-induced weight loss J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2007; 102(2): 634 - 640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Stallknecht, F. Dela, and J. W. Helge Are blood flow and lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue influenced by contractions in adjacent muscles in humans? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2007; 292(2): E394 - E399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. T. Villareal, L. Fontana, E. P. Weiss, S. B. Racette, K. Steger-May, K. B. Schechtman, S. Klein, and J. O. Holloszy Bone Mineral Density Response to Caloric Restriction-Induced Weight Loss or Exercise-Induced Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial Arch Intern Med, December 11, 2006; 166(22): 2502 - 2510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Lucotti, E. Setola, L. D. Monti, E. Galluccio, S. Costa, E. P. Sandoli, I. Fermo, G. Rabaiotti, R. Gatti, and P. Piatti Beneficial effects of a long-term oral L-arginine treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and exercise training program in obese, insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2006; 291(5): E906 - E912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Kuhl, N. B. Ruderman, N. Musi, L. J. Goodyear, M. E. Patti, S. Crunkhorn, D. Dronamraju, A. Thorell, J. Nygren, O. Ljungkvist, et al. Exercise training decreases the concentration of malonyl-CoA and increases the expression and activity of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase in human muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2006; 290(6): E1296 - E1303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Azadbakht and A. Esmaillzadeh Beneficial Effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Eating Plan on Features of the Metabolic Syndrome: Response to Esposito and Giugliano Diabetes Care, April 1, 2006; 29(4): 954 - 955. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. T. Katzmarzyk, I. Janssen, R. Ross, T. S. Church, and S. N. Blair The Importance of Waist Circumference in the Definition of Metabolic Syndrome: Prospective analyses of mortality in men Diabetes Care, February 1, 2006; 29(2): 404 - 409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Irwin, A. McTiernan, L. Bernstein, F. D. Gilliland, R. Baumgartner, K. Baumgartner, and R. Ballard-Barbash Relationship of Obesity and Physical Activity with C-Peptide, Leptin, and Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Breast Cancer Survivors Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2005; 14(12): 2881 - 2888. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Black, E. Mitchell, P. S. Freedson, S. R. Chipkin, and B. Braun Improved insulin action following short-term exercise training: role of energy and carbohydrate balance J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2005; 99(6): 2285 - 2293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Watson, S. Hahm, T. M. Mizuno, J. Windsor, C. Montgomery, P. E. Scherer, C. V. Mobbs, and S. R. J. Salton VGF Ablation Blocks the Development of Hyperinsulinemia and Hyperglycemia in Several Mouse Models of Obesity Endocrinology, December 1, 2005; 146(12): 5151 - 5163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. B. Choi, J. S. Jang, and S. Park Estrogen and Exercise May Enhance {beta}-Cell Function and Mass via Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 Induction in Ovariectomized Diabetic Rats Endocrinology, November 1, 2005; 146(11): 4786 - 4794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Slentz, L. B. Aiken, J. A. Houmard, C. W. Bales, J. L. Johnson, C. J. Tanner, B. D. Duscha, and W. E. Kraus Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2005; 99(4): 1613 - 1618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. A. Cornelissen and R. H. Fagard Effects of Endurance Training on Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure-Regulating Mechanisms, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 667 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Lee, J. L. Kuk, L. E. Davidson, R. Hudson, K. Kilpatrick, T. E. Graham, and R. Ross Exercise without weight loss is an effective strategy for obesity reduction in obese individuals with and without Type 2 diabetes J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2005; 99(3): 1220 - 1225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. K. Layman, E. Evans, J. I. Baum, J. Seyler, D. J. Erickson, and R. A. Boileau Dietary Protein and Exercise Have Additive Effects on Body Composition during Weight Loss in Adult Women J. Nutr., August 1, 2005; 135(8): 1903 - 1910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-P. Despres Our Passive Lifestyle, Our Toxic Diet, and the Atherogenic/Diabetogenic Metabolic Syndrome: Can We Afford to Be Sedentary and Unfit? Circulation, July 26, 2005; 112(4): 453 - 455. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M Jakicic and A. D Otto Physical activity considerations for the treatment and prevention of obesity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2005; 82(1): 226S - 229S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Lim, K. S. Park, H. K. Lee, and S.-I. Cho Changes in the Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome in Korea Over the Period 1998-2001 as Determined by Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys Diabetes Care, July 1, 2005; 28(7): 1810 - 1812. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Lee, J. L. Kuk, P. T. Katzmarzyk, S. N. Blair, T. S. Church, and R. Ross Cardiorespiratory Fitness Attenuates Metabolic Risk Independent of Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat in Men Diabetes Care, April 1, 2005; 28(4): 895 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Giannopoulou, L. L. Ploutz-Snyder, R. Carhart, R. S. Weinstock, B. Fernhall, S. Goulopoulou, and J. A. Kanaley Exercise Is Required for Visceral Fat Loss in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1511 - 1518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. E. Laaksonen, J. Lindstrom, T. A. Lakka, J. G. Eriksson, L. Niskanen, K. Wikstrom, S. Aunola, S. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, M. Laakso, T. T. Valle, et al. Physical Activity in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Diabetes, January 1, 2005; 54(1): 158 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-P. Despres CRP and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Can Exercise Training Cool Down the Flames? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2004; 24(10): 1743 - 1745. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Sigal, G. P. Kenny, D. H. Wasserman, and C. Castaneda-Sceppa Physical Activity/Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, October 1, 2004; 27(10): 2518 - 2539. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L Cox, V. Burke, A. R Morton, L. J Beilin, and I. B Puddey Independent and additive effects of energy restriction and exercise on glucose and insulin concentrations in sedentary overweight men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2004; 80(2): 308 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J Petrie, S. E Chown, L. M Belfie, A. M Duncan, D. H McLaren, J. A Conquer, and T. E Graham Caffeine ingestion increases the insulin response to an oral-glucose-tolerance test in obese men before and after weight loss Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2004; 80(1): 22 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Lakka, T. Rankinen, S. J. Weisnagel, Y. C. Chagnon, H.-M. Lakka, O. Ukkola, N. Boule, T. Rice, A. S. Leon, J. S. Skinner, et al. Leptin and Leptin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Changes in Glucose Homeostasis in Response to Regular Exercise in Nondiabetic Individuals: The HERITAGE Family Study Diabetes, June 1, 2004; 53(6): 1603 - 1608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Lofgren, K. Herron, T. Zern, K. West, M. Patalay, N. S. Shachter, S. I. Koo, and M. L. Fernandez Waist Circumference Is a Better Predictor than Body Mass Index of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Overweight Premenopausal Women J. Nutr., May 1, 2004; 134(5): 1071 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Cuff, G. S. Meneilly, A. Martin, A. Ignaszewski, H. D. Tildesley, and J. J. Frohlich Effective Exercise Modality to Reduce Insulin Resistance in Women With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, November 1, 2003; 26(11): 2977 - 2982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Uusitupa, V. Lindi, A. Louheranta, T. Salopuro, J. Lindstrom, and J. Tuomilehto Long-Term Improvement in Insulin Sensitivity by Changing Lifestyles of People with Impaired Glucose Tolerance: 4-Year Results From the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Diabetes, October 1, 2003; 52(10): 2532 - 2538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Laaksonen, H.-M. Lakka, J. Lynch, T. A. Lakka, L. Niskanen, R. Rauramaa, J. T. Salonen, and J. Kauhanen Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Vigorous Leisure-Time Physical Activity Modify the Association of Small Size at Birth With the Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Care, July 1, 2003; 26(7): 2156 - 2164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Al-Lawati, A. J. Mohammed, H. Q. Al-Hinai, and P. Jousilahti Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among Omani Adults Diabetes Care, June 1, 2003; 26(6): 1781 - 1785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Lakka, T. Rankinen, S. J. Weisnagel, Y. C. Chagnon, T. Rice, A. S. Leon, J. S. Skinner, J. H. Wilmore, D.C. Rao, and C. Bouchard A Quantitative Trait Locus on 7q31 for the Changes in Plasma Insulin in Response to Exercise Training: The HERITAGE Family Study Diabetes, June 1, 2003; 52(6): 1583 - 1587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T.-B. Nguyen-Duy, M. Z. Nichaman, T. S. Church, S. N. Blair, and R. Ross Visceral fat and liver fat are independent predictors of metabolic risk factors in men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2003; 284(6): E1065 - E1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. He, E. S. Engelson, J. B. Albu, S. B. Heymsfield, and D. P. Kotler Preferential loss of omental-mesenteric fat during growth hormone therapy of HIV-associated lipodystrophy J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2003; 94(5): 2051 - 2057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ross Does Exercise Without Weight Loss Improve Insulin Sensitivity? Diabetes Care, March 1, 2003; 26(3): 944 - 945. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Mittendorfer, B. W. Patterson, and S. Klein Effect of weight loss on VLDL-triglyceride and apoB-100 kinetics in women with abdominal obesity Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2003; 284(3): E549 - E556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Ravinet Trillou, M. Arnone, C. Delgorge, N. Gonalons, P. Keane, J.-P. Maffrand, and P. Soubrie Anti-obesity effect of SR141716, a CB1 receptor antagonist, in diet-induced obese mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2003; 284(2): R345 - R353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ross, J. Freeman, R. Hudson, and I. Janssen Abdominal Obesity, Muscle Composition, and Insulin Resistance in Premenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 5044 - 5051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. J. Stewart Exercise Training and the Cardiovascular Consequences of Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: Plausible Mechanisms for Improving Cardiovascular Health JAMA, October 2, 2002; 288(13): 1622 - 1631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Laaksonen, H.-M. Lakka, J. T. Salonen, L. K. Niskanen, R. Rauramaa, and T. A. Lakka Low Levels of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Predict Development of the Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Care, September 1, 2002; 25(9): 1612 - 1618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. F. Singh Exercise Comes of Age: Rationale and Recommendations for a Geriatric Exercise Prescription J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2002; 57(5): M262 - 282. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Janssen, A. Fortier, R. Hudson, and R. Ross Effects of an Energy-Restrictive Diet With or Without Exercise on Abdominal Fat, Intermuscular Fat, and Metabolic Risk Factors in Obese Women Diabetes Care, March 1, 2002; 25(3): 431 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. McAuley, S. M. Williams, J. I. Mann, A. Goulding, A. Chisholm, N. Wilson, G. Story, R. T. McLay, M. J. Harper, and I. E. Jones Intensive Lifestyle Changes Are Necessary to Improve Insulin Sensitivity: A randomized controlled trial Diabetes Care, March 1, 2002; 25(3): 445 - 452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. H. Goodpaster, J. He, S. Watkins, and D. E. Kelley Skeletal Muscle Lipid Content and Insulin Resistance: Evidence for a Paradox in Endurance-Trained Athletes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2001; 86(12): 5755 - 5761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L Weinsier, G. R Hunter, B. A Gower, Y. Schutz, B. E Darnell, and P. A Zuckerman Body fat distribution in white and black women: different patterns of intraabdominal and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue utilization with weight loss Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2001; 74(5): 631 - 636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. D. Schmidt, C. J. Biwer, and L. K. Kalscheuer Effects of Long versus Short Bout Exercise on Fitness and Weight Loss in Overweight Females J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2001; 20(5): 494 - 501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C. Wee Physical Activity Counseling in Primary Care: The Challenge of Effecting Behavioral Change JAMA, August 8, 2001; 286(6): 717 - 719. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Evans, R. E. Van Pelt, E. F. Binder, D. B. Williams, A. A. Ehsani, and W. M. Kohrt Effects of HRT and exercise training on insulin action, glucose tolerance, and body composition in older women J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2001; 90(6): 2033 - 2040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
Article
