The literature on medical consultation has changed in accord with the change in practice. The literature on cardiac assessment has shifted from clinical evaluation using cardiac risk indices to an emphasis on evaluation of noninvasive and even some invasive procedures. A number of textbooks have been published on medical consultation, filling a void in the last bibliography when no texts were available.

This bibliography updates the previous annotated bibliography. The two may be considered complementary because, as noted, the emphasis of the current literature has changed. The articles selected for this bibliography are representative of the developments in the field. Because of space limitations and the wide spectrum of studies available, the bibliography is not comprehensive. In a manner similar to that of the previous bibliography, articles relating to clinical decision making have been emphasized. In areas where marked change has taken place, we have attempted to include at least one review article on the subject. We have also included textbooks with which some readers may still be unfamiliar. The bibliography is organized by an organ-system format, with additional sections on surgery in the elderly, ambulatory surgery, cost-effective practice, human immunodeficiency virus disease, and obstetrics. Our purpose, however, remains the same: to provide a literature base for residents on medical consultation services and for internists performing consultations in a field that is difficult to research through Index Medicus.

General

1. Kammerer WS, Gross RJ. Medical Consultation: The Internist on Surgical, Obstetric, and Psychiatric Services. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1990. (Text) Comprehensive review of preoperative evaluation and perioperative care by organ system. Additional chapters include the approach to consultations, surgery in the elderly, evaluation of the ambulatory surgical patient, and a few common surgical procedures.

2. Lubin MF, Walker HK, Smith RB; eds. Medical Management of the Surgical Patient. Boston: Butterworths; 1988. (Text) Comprehensively covers preoperative evaluation and perioperative care by organ system. Large section reviews medical considerations for many surgical procedures.

3. Merli GJ, Weitz HH. Preoperative consultation. Med Clin North Am. 1987; 71:353-583. (Review) Includes a number of thorough literature reviews and recommendations for preoperative evaluation. Chapter on liver disease is a classic.

4. Merli GJ, Weitz HH; eds. Medical Management of the Surgical Patient. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1992. (Text) Excellent soft-back pocketbook outlining preoperative consultation and management by organ system.

Ambulatory Surgery

5. Davis JE, Sugioka K. Selecting the patient for major ambulatory surgery. Surgical and anesthesiology evaluations. Surg Clin North Am. 1987; 67:721-32. (Review) Analysis of patient selection factors, preoperative evaluation, and contra-indications for ambulatory surgery.

6. Gold BS, Kitz DS, Lecky JH, Neuhaus JM. Unanticipated admission to the hospital following ambulatory surgery. JAMA. 1989; 262:3008-10. (Retrospective cohort) General anesthesia, postoperative emesis, lower abdominal and urologic surgery, duration of procedure, and advanced age were independent risk factors for postoperative admission.

7. Gross RJ. Preoperative planning for ambulatory patients. In: Barker RL, Burton JR, Zieve PD; eds. Principles of Ambulatory Medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1991:1187-209. (Text) Discussion of the general approach to medical evaluation for ambulatory surgery followed by a brief summary of preoperative assessment by organ system. Includes a concise summary of preoperative assessment for residents' first exposure to the field.

Cardiology

8. Cambria RP, Brewster DC, Abbott WM, L'Italien GJ, Megerman JJ, LaMuraglia GM, et al. The impact of selective use of dipyridamole-thallium scans and surgical factors on the current morbidity of aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1992; 15:43-50. (Prospective cohort) Selective screening of only clinically high-risk vascular surgery patients with dipyridamole-thallium scans resulted in a perioperative cardiac mortality of 1% and complication rate of 4%.

9. Detsky AS, Abrams HB, McLaughlin JR, Drucker DJ, Sasson Z, Johnston N, et al. Predicting cardiac complications in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. J Gen Intern Med. 1986; 1:211-9. (Prospective cohort) Important modification of the Goldman Index.

10. Eagle KA, Coley CM, Newell JB, Brewster DC, Darling RC, Strauss KW, et al. Combining clinical and thallium data optimizes preoperative assessment of cardiac risk before major vascular surgery. Ann Intern Med. 1989; 110:859-66. (Retrospective observational study) Dipyridamole-thallium stress testing is predictive of postoperative cardiac complications in vascular surgery patients. When clinical variables are combined with dipyridamole-thallium results, the specificity increases without sacrificing sensitivity.

11. Hollenberg M, Mangano DT, Browner WS, London MJ, Tabau JF, Tateo IM. Predictors of postoperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. JAMA. 1992; 268:205-9. (Prospective cohort) Identifies left ventricular hypertrophy, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, definite coronary artery disease, and the use of digoxin as risk factors for postoperative ischemia.

12. Huber KC, Evans MA, Bresnahan JF, Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR Jr. Outcome of noncardiac operations in patients with severe coronary artery disease successfully treated preoperatively with coronary angioplasty. Mayo Clin Proc. 1992; 67:15-21. (Retrospective cohort) Fifty patients with severe coronary artery disease had coronary angioplasty followed by surgery, with a cardiac mortality of 2% and perioperative myocardial infarction rate of 6%.

13. Mangano DT. Perioperative cardiac morbidity. Anesthesiology. 1990; 72:153-84. (Review) Review of perioperative cardiac complications by an anesthesiologist, pointing out intraoperative and postoperative predictors not often considered by internists.

14. O'Kelly B, Browner WS, Massie B, Tabau J, Long N, Mangano DT. Ventricular arrhythmias in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. JAMA. 1992; 268: 217-21. (Prospective cohort) Approximately 50% of high-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery have frequent premature ventricular contractions or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia but not a significantly elevated risk for poor cardiac outcome.

15. Raby KE, Barry J, Creager MA, Cook EF, Weisberg MC, Goldman L. Detection and significance of intraoperative and postoperative myocardial ischemia in peripheral vascular surgery. JAMA. 1992; 268:222-7. (Prospective cohort) Preoperative ischemia on Holter monitor was highly predictive of both postoperative ischemia and cardiac complications.

16. Wong T, Detsky AS. Preoperative cardiac risk assessment for patients having peripheral vascular surgery. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 116:743-53. (Review) Comprehensive yet practical review; a useful algorithm is included.

Cost-Effective Medical Practice

17. Blery C, Charpak Y, Szatan M, Darne B, Fourgeaux B, Chastang C, et al. Evaluation of a protocol for selective ordering of preoperative tests. Lancet. 1986; 1:139-41. (Prospective cohort) No significant adverse effects on patient care were found in this attempt to decrease the number of unnecessary screening tests.

18. Boghosian SG, Mooradian AD. Usefulness of routine preoperative chest roentgenograms in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1987; 35:142-6. (Retrospective cohort) A high percentage of abnormal chest radiographs and postoperative complications were found in the elderly; recommendation was given to screen patients over 70 years of age.

19. Goldberger AL, O'Konski M. Utility of the routine electrocardiogram before surgery and on general hospital admission. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 105: 552-7. (Retrospective review) Critical analysis of the use of routine electrocardiograms in adults; authors make a cogent argument for selective testing.

20. Macpherson DS, Snow R, Lofgren RP. Preoperative screening: value of previous tests. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113:969-73. (Retrospective cohort) Large retrospective study showing that repeating tests before surgery is unnecessary if previous results were normal and no new pertinent clinical information exists.

21. Tape TG, Mushlin AI. The utility of routine chest radiographs. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 104:663-70. (Review) Only patients with clinical suspicion of chest disease benefited from chest radiograph in this group of vascular surgery patients.

Endocrinology

22. Hirsch IB, McGill JB, Cryer PE, White PF. Perioperative management of surgical patients with diabetes mellitus. Anesthesiology. 1991; 74:346-59. (Review) Comprehensive review, including metabolic effects of anesthesia and surgery, treatment goals of the diabetic patient during the perioperative period, and recommendations for perioperative management of the diabetic patient.

23. Ladenson PW, Levin AA, Ridgway EC, Daniels GH. Complications of surgery in hypothyroid patients. Am J Med. 1984; 77:261-6. (Retrospective cohort) Surgery in hypothyroid patients is associated with an increased risk for several minor perioperative complications including hypotension, heart failure, ileus, and neuropsychiatric illness.

24. Malone MJ, Libertino JA, Tsapatsaris NP, Woods BO. Preoperative and surgical management of pheochromocytoma. Urol Clin North Am. 1989; 16: 567-82. (Review) Detailed discussion of the perioperative aspects of pheochromocytoma, including biochemical diagnosis and localization, - and ß-adrenergic blockade, intraoperative cardiac monitoring and anesthetic technique, and various surgical approaches for resection of pheochromocytoma.

25. Napolitano LM, Chernow B. Guidelines for corticosteroid use in anesthetic and surgical stress. Int Anesthiol Clin. 1988; 26:226-32. (Review) Practical discussion of adrenal insufficiency, patient groups at risk, screening tests for adrenal function, and guidelines for corticosteroid coverage during periods of anesthetic and surgical stress.

Gastroenterology

26. Alter HJ. Descartes before the horse: I clone, therefore I am: the hepatitis C virus in current perspective. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 115:644-9. (Review) Concise review of recent developments in epidemiology, transmission, and diagnosis of this viral infection.

27. Bartlett JG. The 10 most common questions about Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea/colitis. Infectious Disease in Clinical Practice. 1992; 1:254-9. (Commentary) Practical discussion of a commonly encountered infection by a recognized authority.

28. Friedman LS, Maddrey WC. Surgery in the patient with liver disease. Med Clin North Am. 1987; 71: 453-76. (Review) Surgical risk is highest in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, acute alcoholic hepatitis, and acute viral hepatitis. Thorough review of literature on risk and preoperative evaluation.

29. A prospective analysis of 1518 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. The Southern Surgeons Club. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324:1073-8. (Prospective cohort) Report of the initial experience with this innovative procedure and initial definition of its role in modern surgical practice.

Hematology

30. Bolan CD, Alving BM. Pharmacologic agents in the management of bleeding disorders. Transfusion. 1990; 30:541-51. (Review) Analysis of pharmacology and guidelines for use of 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) and antifibrinolytic and other pharmacologic agents in various bleeding disorders.

31. Chun PK, Flannery EP, Bowen TE. Open-heart surgery in patients with hematologic disorders. Am Heart J. 1983; 105:835-42. (Small case series) Illustrative cases of patients with eight different hematologic disorders undergoing open-heart surgery and brief literature review on the management of each.

32. Consensus conference. Perioperative red blood cell transfusion. JAMA. 1988; 260:2700-3. (Expert consensus) Consensus panel examines available evidence, recommending criteria for perioperative red blood cell transfusion and comparing morbidity of perioperative anemia against risks of red blood cell transfusion.

33. Dobson MB. Anesthesia for patients with hemoglobinopathies. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 1985; 23:197-211. (Review) Preoperative preparation and intraoperative management of patients with hemoglobinopathies.

34. Fellin F, Murphy S. Hematologic problems in the preoperative patients. Med Clin North Am. 1987; 71:477-87. (Review) Concise discussion of several common hematologic disorders (anemia, erythrocytosis, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis) and general guidelines of their evaluation and therapy.

35. Goodnough LT, Rudnick S, Price TH, Ballas SK, Collins ML, Crowley JP, et al. Increased preoperative collection of autologous blood with recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. N Engl J Med. 1989; 321:1163-8. (Randomized, controlled trial) Use of erythropoietin increases the amount of blood that can be self-donated preoperatively.

36. Kasper CK, Dietrich SL. Comprehensive management of haemophilia. Clin Haematol. 1985; 14:489-512. (Review) General medical care and use of the available plasma and pharmacologic products in the management of patients with hemophilia A and B.

37. Rapaport SI. Preoperative hemostatic evaluation: which tests, if any? Blood. 1983; 61:229-31. (Review) Guidelines for preoperative hemostatic testing based on a simple screening questionnaire.

38. Toy P, Strauss RG, Stehling LC, Sears R, Price TH, Rossi EC, et al. Predeposited autologous blood for elective surgery. N Engl J Med. 1987; 316:517-20. (Retrospective cohort) National multicenter study showing that although appropriate use of autologous predeposited blood would spare most patients from the hazards of homologous transfusion, it is underused.

39. Uppington J. Anesthetic management of patients with coagulation disorders. Int Anesthiol Clin. 1985; 23:125-40. (Review) Preoperative preparation and intraoperative management for patients with inherited and acquired coagulopathies.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

40. Centers for Disease Control. Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in the health-care setting. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1988; 37:377-82, 387-8. (Expert consensus) Clarification of the extension of blood and body fluid precautions to all patients. Description of the body fluids to which universal precautions apply and the types of protective barriers.

41. Centers for Disease Control. Public Health Service statement on management of occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus including considerations regarding zidovudine postexposure use. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990; 39:1-14. (Expert Consensus) Guidelines for counseling and management of the exposed worker and the source individual. Discussion of dosage, toxicity, and efficacy of zidovudine in relation to postexposure prophylaxis.

42. Geberding JL, Littell C, Tarkington A, Brown A, Schecter WP. Risk of exposure of surgical personnel to patients' blood during surgery at San Francisco General Hospital. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322: 1788-93. (Prospective cohort) Accidental exposure to blood in 84 of 1307 consecutive surgical procedures. Risk factors and measures to prevent transmission are discussed, but routine preoperative screening is not supported by this study.

43. Sattler FR, Cowen R, Nielson DM, Ruskin J. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1988; 109:280-7. (Prospective, randomized trial) Most patients with P. carinii pneumonia can be treated with a single agent; survival advantage noted for those who received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

44. Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The National Institutes of Health-University of California Expert Panel for Corticosteroids as Adjunctive Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323:1500-4. (Expert consensus) Review of prognostic indicators for survival in P. carinii pneumonia and theoretic basis and recommendations for the use of corticosteroids.

Infectious Diseases

45. Dajani AS, Bisno AL, Chung KJ, Durack DT, Freed M, Gerber MA, et al. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association. JAMA. 1990; 264:2919-22. (Expert consensus) Current recommendations for bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis for procedures and surgery.

46. Hampton AA, Sheretz RJ. Vascular-access infections in hospitalized patients. Surg Clin North Am. 1988; 68:57-71. (Review) In-depth review of the diagnosis and management of vascular catheter-associated infection and essential skills for the internist consultant.

47. International Symposium on Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis. Rev Infect Dis. 1991; 13(Suppl 10). (Review) The entire issue is devoted to the experimental basis and clinical uses of antibiotic prophylaxis.

48. Rackow EC, Astiz ME. Pathophysiology and treatment of septic shock. JAMA. 1991; 266:548-54. (Review) Recent advances in understanding complex pathogenesis of septic shock and use of antibody therapy directed at endotoxin.

49. Sawyer RG, Rosenlof LK, Adams RB, May AK, Spengler MD, Pruett TL. Peritonitis in the 1990s: changing pathogens and changing strategies in the critically ill. Am Surg. 1992; 58:82-7. (Prospective cohort) In critically ill patients, the most common organisms isolated in peritonitis were Candida, Enterococcus, and Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Discussion of antimicrobial regimens.

50. Scheld WM, Mandell GL. Nosocomial pneumonia: pathogenesis and recent advances in diagnosis and therapy. Rev Infect Dis. 1991; 13(Suppl 9):S743-51. (Review) Emphasis on recent concepts in etiology, diagnostic techniques, and antimicrobial treatment.

51. Ziegler EJ, Fisher CJ Jr, Sprung CL, Straube RC, Sadoff JC, Foulke GE, et al. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324:429-36. (Prospective, randomized trial) HA-1A human monoclonal antibody to the lipid A moiety of endotoxin reduced mortality among patients with gram-negative bacteremia from 49% to 30%.

Neurology

52. Arieff AI. Hyponatremia, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and permanent brain damage after elective surgery in healthy women. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314:1529-35. (Case series) (Description refers to references 52 and 53.) Assessment and treatment of hyponatremia; review of risks involved and rational diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

53. Sterns RH, Riggs JE, Schochet SS Jr. Osmotic demyelination syndrome following correction of hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314:1535-42. (Case series)

54. Golden WE, Lavender RC, Metzer WS. Acute postoperative confusion and hallucinations in Parkinson disease. Ann Intern Med. 1989; 111:218-22. (Retrospective cohort) Documentation of relative risk for postoperative confusional state from 2.8 to 8.1 in patients with Parkinson disease.

55. Merli GJ, Bell RD. Preoperative management of the surgical patient with neurologic disease. Med Clin North Am. 1987; 71:511-27. (Review) Overview of multiple neurologic problems encountered in the postoperative period; issues of management addressed in detail.

56. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:445-53. (Prospective, randomized trial)

57. Kistler JP, Buonanno FS, Gress DR. Carotid endarterectomy—specific therapy based on pathophysiology (Editorial). N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:505. (Prospective, randomized trial) Endarterectomy resulted in clinically and statistically significant reduction in risk for subsequent stroke in patients with recent transient ischemic attack or stroke. Accompanying editorial puts study in perspective and outlines remaining questions.

58. Scheuer ML, Pedley TA. The evaluation and treatment of seizures. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323:1468-74. (Review) Classification, diagnostic studies, and therapies.

Nutrition

59. Ellis LM, Copeland EM 3d, Souba WW. Perioperative nutritional support. Surg Clin North Am. 1991; 71:493-507. (Review) Results of several clinical trials are used to identify patients who benefit most from perioperative nutritional support. Emphasis on importance of using the enteral route whenever possible.

60. McCarthy MC. Nutritional support in the critically ill surgical patient. Surg Clin North Am. 1991; 71: 831-41. (Review) Guidelines for the nutritional assessment of the surgical intensive-care patient, and including the use of the prognostic nutritional index, estimation of caloric requirement, nitrogen balance, and nutrient balance. Specific parenteral formulations are discussed.

61. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. The Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:525-32. (Prospective, randomized trial) Benefits of preoperative total parenteral nutrition were noted only in severely malnourished patients.

Obstetrics and Gynecology

62. Carlson JA. The role of the medical consultant in pregnancy. Med Clin North Am. 1989; 73:541-55. (Review) Insightful analysis of the consultant's function.

63. Sullivan JM, Ramanathan KB. Management of medical problems in pregnancy—severe cardiac disease. N Engl J Med. 1985; 313:304-9. (Review) (Description refers to references 63, 64, and 65.) Selected from a series of authoritative papers on the management of medical illness during pregnancy; should be part of every consulting internist's library.

64. Freinkel N, Dooley SL, Metzger BE. Care of the pregnant woman with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1985; 313:96-101. (Review)

65. Greenberger PA, Patterson R. Management of asthma during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312:897-902. (Review)

Pulmonary Medicine

66. Barnes PJ. A new approach to the treatment of asthma. N Engl J Med. 1989; 321:1517-27. (Review) Essential reference for every internist; discusses pathophysiology and therapy of asthma.

67. Crapo RO, Kelly TM, Elliott CG, Jones SB. Spirometry as a preoperative screening test in morbidly obese patients. Surgery. 1986; 99:763-8. (Prospective cohort) Lack of association between an abnormal spirometry and postoperative pulmonary complications is documented; authors recommend against routine screening in this population.

68. Gross NJ. Ipratroprium bromide. N Engl J Med. 1988; 319:486-94. (Review) Comprehensive review of the first anticholinergic bronchodilator approved for clinical use. Encompasses the pathophysiologic rationale and clinical usefulness for cholinergic antagonists in chronic obstructive lung disease.

69. Hall JB, Wood LD. Liberation of the patient from mechanical ventilation. JAMA. 1987; 257:1621-8. (Review) Discussion of pathophysiology of respiratory failure and indications for institution and discontinuation of mechanical ventilation.

70. Hughes CW, Popovich J Jr. Uses and abuses of pressure support ventilation. Journal of Critical Illness. 1989; 4:25-32. (Review) Succinct and practical analysis of a sometimes misused mode of mechanical ventilation.

71. Jackson CV. Preoperative pulmonary evaluation. Arch Intern Med. 1988; 148:2120-7. (Review) Comprehensive discussion of risk factors for postoperative complications and preventive interventions.

72. Kroenke K, Lawrence VA, Theroux JF, Tuley MR. Operative risk in patients with severe obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1992; 152: 967-71. (Retrospective cohort) Patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV₁] < 50% of predicted) had a mortality rate of 1%, which was considered acceptable; however, many minor procedures were included in the series.

73. Mohr DN, Jett JR. Preoperative evaluation of pulmonary risk factors. J Gen Intern Med. 1988; 3: 277-87. (Review) Comprehensive discussion, including a brief section on postoperative pulmonary physiology and thorough review of pulmonary risk factors and their management.

74. Yang KL, Tobin MJ. A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324:1445-50. (Prospective cohort) Prospective trial describing a useful new index (f/VT [respiratory frequency/tidal volume]) that is a strong predictor of successful weaning from mechanical ventilation.

75. Zibrak JD, O'Donnell CR, Marton K. Indications for pulmonary function testing. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 112:763-71. (Review) (Description refers to references 75 and 76.) Critical review of original trials evaluating the use of preoperative pulmonary function tests. Adequate data are lacking to assess their proper role for nonthoracic surgical procedures, and thus their routine use cannot be recommended.

76. Preoperative pulmonary function testing. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 112: 793-4. (Expert consensus)

Renal Medicine

77. Berkseth RO, Kjellstrand CM. Radiologic contrast-induced nephropathy. Med Clin North Am. 1984; 68:351-70. (Review) Existing renal insufficiency, especially with diabetes, is the most important risk factor for development of contrast-induced renal disease. Prophylaxis with saline, mannitol, and furosemide recommended for patients with creatinine > 180 µmol/L (> 2.0 mg/dL).

78. Better OS, Stein JH. Early management of shock and prophylaxis of acute renal failure in traumatic rhabdomyolysis. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322:825-9. (Review) Early and vigorous treatment with isotonic saline followed by mannitol-alkaline diuresis is effective in preventing myoglobinuric acute renal failure.

79. Burke JF Jr, Francos GC. Surgery in the patient with acute or chronic renal failure. Med Clin North Am. 1987; 71:489-97. (Review) Incidence of fluid, electrolyte, and many other complications are closely related to the residual glomerular filtration rate.

80. Corwin HL, Bonventre JV. Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Parts 1 and 2. Intensive Care Med. 1988; 14:10-6, 86-96. (Review) Causes, evaluation, and treatment of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit.

81. Fine MJ, Kapoor W, Falanga V. Cholesterol crystal embolization: a review of 221 cases in English literature. Angiology. 1987; 5:769-84. (Review) Cholesterol crystal embolism should be strongly considered in elderly patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease who have the onset of renal insufficiency and cutaneous manifestations, especially after invasive vascular procedures.

82. Fraser CD, Arieff AI. Fatal central diabetes mellitus and insipidus resulting from untreated hyponatremia: a new syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 112:113-9. (Case series) Definition of a syndrome of sudden, severe hyponatremia in young, previously healthy women undergoing elective surgery.

83. Hou SN, Bushinsky DA, Wish JB, Cohen JJ, Harrington JT. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency: a prospective study. Am J Med. 1983; 74:243-8. (Prospective cohort) Renal insufficiency developed in 5% of patients on medical-surgical service. Hypotension, postoperative renal insufficiency, radiographic contrast media, and aminoglycosides accounted for 79% of episodes; risk factors outlined.

84. Lautin EM, Freemen NJ, Shoenfeld AH, Bakel CW, Haramati N, Friedman AC, et al. Radiocontrast-associated renal dysfunction: a comparison of lower-osmolality and conventional high-osmolality contrast media. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991; 157: 59-65. (Retrospective cohort) Evidence that newer, lower-osmolality contrast agents are associated with a reduced risk for renal impairment in high-risk patients.

85. Mannucci PM, Remuzzi G, Pusineri F, Lombardi R, Valsecchi C, Mecca G, et al. Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin shortens the bleeding time in uremia. N Engl J Med. 1983; 308:8-12. (Prospective, randomized trial) Deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin can be used for temporary correction of bleeding time and may prevent surgical bleeding in patients with uremia.

86. Miller DC, Myers BD. Pathophysiology and prevention of acute renal failure associated with thoracoabdominal or abdominal aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1987; 5:518-23. (Review) Risk factors and pathophysiology of acute renal failure after thoracoabdominal surgery or aortic aneurysm repair.

87. Shusterman N, Strom BL, Murray TG, Morrison G, West SL, Maislin G. Risk factors and outcome of hospital-acquired acute renal failure. Clinical epidemiologic study. Am J Med. 1987; 83:65-71. (Retrospective cohort) Risk for acute renal failure in surgical patients was increased by volume depletion, heart failure, contrast dye, and aminoglycoside antibiotics.

88. Sorisky A, Devlin JT. Intraoperative ketoacidosis and malnutrition. Ann Intern Med. 1988; 109:337-8. (Case analysis) Starvation ketoacidosis can be precipitated by the stress of anesthesia and surgery; serum ketones may be undetectable due to the predominance of ß-hydroxybutyrate.

89. Szerlip HM. Renal-dose dopamine: fact and fiction (Editorial). Ann Intern Med. 1991; 115:153-4. Discusses the inconclusive data and recommends guidelines for use of renal-dose dopamine after intravascular volume repletion and a trial of diuretics.

90. Yoshimura N, Oka T. Medical and surgical complications of renal transplantation: diagnosis and management. Med Clin North Am. 1990; 74:1025-37. (Review) Approach to diagnosis and treatment of perioperative, infectious, gastrointestinal, and other complications of renal transplantation.

Rheumatology

91. Frymoyer JW. Back pain and sciatica. N Engl J Med. 1988; 318:291-300. (Review) Epidemiology, evaluation, causes, and treatment of acute and chronic low-back pain; 131 references.

92. Harris WH, Sledge CB. Total hip and total knee replacement. Parts 1 and 2. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323:725-31, 801-7. (Review) Review of proper patient selection, benefits, rehabilitation, complications, and outcomes, along with a brief discussion of the cemented versus cementless hip-replacement controversy.

93. White RH. Preoperative evaluation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1985; 14:287-99. (Review) Surgical risk factors and treatment options in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; 116 references.

Surgery in the Elderly

94. Berggren D, Gustafson Y, Ericksson B, Bucht G, Hansson LI, Reiz S, et al. Postoperative confusion after anesthesia in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures. Anesth Analg. 1987; 66:497-504. (Prospective cohort) Twenty-five of 57 (44%) elderly patients developed confusion after surgical repair of a fractured hip. Risk factors included history of depression, anticholinergic medications, and hypoxemia.

95. Djokovic JL, Hedley-Whyte J. Prediction of outcome of surgery and anesthesia in patients over 80. JAMA. 1979; 242:2301-6. (Prospective cohort) Hospital mortality within 1 month of surgery was 6.2% in a study of 500 patients over 80 years of age. Most common causes of death were myocardial infarction, mesenteric infarction, and gram-negative infection.

96. Edmunds LH Jr, Stephenson LW, Edie RN, Ratcliffe MB. Open-heart surgery in octogenarians. N Engl J Med. 1988; 319:131-6. (Retrospective cohort) Ninety of the 100 patients had New York Heart Association class IV disease. Mortality within 90 days was 29%, but this study documents that open-heart surgery is a viable option for selected patients.

97. Gerson MC, Hurst JM, Hertzberg VS, Doogan PA, Cochran MB, Lim SP, et al. Cardiac prognosis in noncardiac geriatric surgery. Ann Intern Med. 1985; 103:832-7. (Prospective cohort) In 155 patients aged 65 years or older who had elective abdominal or noncardiac thoracic surgery, inability to perform 2 minutes of supine bicycle exercise was the best predictor of perioperative complications.

98. Hosking MP, Warner MA, Lobdell CM, Offord KP, Melton LJ 3d. Outcomes of surgery in patients 90 years of age and older. JAMA. 1989; 261:1909-15. (Retrospective cohort) Surgery in selected patients over 90 years of age can be done with a mortality of 8.4%.

99. Sandler RS, Maule WF, Baltus ME, Holland KL, Kendall MS. Biliary tract surgery in the elderly. J Gen Intern Med. 1987; 2:149-54. (Retrospective cohort) Older patients had more frequent postoperative complications (26% versus 12%) and greater mortality (9% versus 3%) than younger patients; age of 70 years or older was associated with a statistically nonsignificant increased risk.

100. Weitz HH. Noncardiac surgery in the elderly patient with cardiovascular disease. Clin Geriatr Med. 1990; 6:511-29. (Review) Practical approach to the perioperative management of the geriatric cardiac patient.

Thromboembolism and Anticoagulation

101. Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. NIH Consensus Development. JAMA. 1986; 256:744-9. (Expert consensus) Concise review of risk for venous thromboembolism in various patient groups and recommendations for prophylaxis in these groups based on clinical evidence of efficacy and safety.

102. Goldhaber SZ, Morpurgo M. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pulmonary embolism. Report of the WHO/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force. JAMA. 1992; 268:1727-33. (Expert consensus) Excellent section on prevention, including nonpharmacologic measures.

103. Huisman MV, Buller HR, ten Cate JW, van Royen EA, Vreeken J, Kersten MJ, et al. Unexpected high prevalence of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Chest. 1989; 95:498-502. (Prospective cohort) Fifty-one percent incidence of interpreted as "high-probability for pulmonary embolism" ventilation-perfusion lung scans in patients with venographically proven deep venous thrombophlebitis and no symptoms of pulmonary embolism.

104. Hull RD, Hirsh J, Carter CJ, Raskob GE, Gill GJ, Jay RM, et al. Diagnostic value of ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Chest. 1985; 88:819-28. (Prospective cohort) Predictive values of ventilation-perfusion scan patterns in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Argument presented against traditional approach of ruling out pulmonary embolism with "low" probability lung scan.

105. Marder VJ, Sherry S. Thrombolytic therapy: current status. Parts 1 and 2. N Engl J Med. 1988; 318:1512-20, 1585-95. (Review) Discussion of multiple thrombolytic agents with attention to therapeutic results in patients with various thrombotic diseases.

106. Merli GJ, Martinez J. Prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the surgical patient. Med Clin North Am. 1987; 71:377-97. (Review) Etiology, incidence, risk stratification, prophylactic regimens, and special problems.

107. Moser KM. Venous thromboembolism. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990; 141:235-49. (Review) Comprehensive update of advances in concepts, diagnosis, and therapy of venous thromboembolism.

108. Oster G, Tuden RL, Colditz GA. Prevention of venous thromboembolism after general surgery. Cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative approaches to prophylaxis. Am J Med. 1987; 82:889-99. (Meta-analysis) Pooled data from published randomized controlled trials used to calculate expected outcomes and costs for several forms of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in general surgical patients. Only graduated compression stockings were found to be cost-saving.

109. Turpie AG, Levine MN, Hirsh J, Carter CJ, Jay RM, Powers PJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) to prevent deep-vein thrombosis in patients undergoing elective hip surgery. N Engl J Med. 1986; 315:925-9. (Randomized, controlled trial) Fixed-dose subcutaneous enoxaparin reduced rate of deep venous thrombophlebitis in patients having elective total hip replacement versus placebo (12% versus 42%) in a randomized trial. Observed hemorrhagic rate was 4% in both groups.

110. Wheeler HB, Anderson FA Jr. Diagnostic approaches for deep vein thrombosis. Chest. 1986; 89:407S-12S. (Review) Diagnostic methods for deep venous thrombosis (including clinical, venographic, and noninvasive) and their advantages and limitations.

Faculty contributing to the bibliography were Drs. G. M. Caputo, V. Cotton, J. Ferriss, M. Kreher, R. Millard, R. Simons, R. J. Gross, P. Turer, G. Briefel, H. Tucker, and J. Stuckey.