Established in 1927 by the American College of Physicians

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Figure 1. Study flow diagram.

*The evidence report provides details of the search strategies (7). ${dagger}$ The reasons for exclusion exceed the total number of studies because reviewers could enter multiple reasons for exclusion. ${ddagger}$ 89 studies were not included in this review because they included children or infants only or examined barriers only. Toxicity and efficacy studies in sickle cell disease overlap.

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