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DETERMINANTS OF SUCCESSFUL AGING: DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED RESEARCH AGENDA FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

Christopher M. Callahan, MD; Colleen A. McHorney, PhD; and Cynthia D. Mulrow, MD, MSc, Editors

Gene–Environment Interactions and the Etiology of Common Complex Disease

Richard S. Cooper, MD

2 September 2003 | Volume 139 Issue 5 Part 2 | Pages 437-440

Genetic epidemiology has greatly expanded its scope as a result of major technological innovations in the past decade. Laboratory capacity to determine DNA variation and archival information on the human genome sequence are now readily available. A wide range of research projects have been launched on chronic disease and health problems of aging, on the assumption that a better understanding of mechanisms will improve treatment and prevention. In many instances, the actions of genes are known to be modified by environmental conditions, and considerable emphasis has now been placed on finding specific interactions between genes and the environment. Studies in agriculture and animals provide clear empirical evidence on the importance of this concept. Describing gene–environment interactions in studies of humans is still very challenging, however, given the difficulties in study design and measurement. Despite the theoretical value of characterizing both intrinsic and extrinsic components of the causal process in the development of disease, the argument can also be made that main effects of each component separately are much more important. For these reasons, gene–environment interactions are likely to remain a conceptual framework for health research rather than a practical goal for the foreseeable future.

Author and Article Information

From Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois.

Grant Support: By grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 45508 and HL 47910) and the Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center at the Dallas/University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.

Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest: None disclosed.

Requests for Single Reprints: Richard S. Cooper, MD, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153.

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