 |
 |
|
|
|  PubMed
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 August 2003 | Volume 139 Issue 4 | Pages 244-252
Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce blood pressure and urine protein excretion and slow the progression of chronic kidney disease.
Purpose: To determine the levels of blood pressure and urine protein excretion associated with the lowest risk for progression of chronic kidney disease during antihypertensive therapy with and without ACE inhibitors.
Data Sources: 11 randomized, controlled trials comparing the efficacy of antihypertensive regimens with or without ACE inhibitors for patients with predominantly nondiabetic kidney disease.
Study Selection: MEDLINE database search for English-language studies published between 1977 and 1999.
Data Extraction: Data on 1860 nondiabetic patients were pooled in a patient-level meta-analysis. Progression of kidney disease was defined as a doubling of baseline serum creatinine level or onset of kidney failure. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to assess the association of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and urine protein excretion with kidney disease progression at 22 610 patient visits.
Data Synthesis: Mean duration of follow-up was 2.2 years. Kidney disease progression was documented in 311 patients. Systolic blood pressure of 110 to 129 mm Hg and urine protein excretion less than 2.0 g/d were associated with the lowest risk for kidney disease progression. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors remained beneficial after adjustment for blood pressure and urine protein excretion (relative risk, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.53 to 0.84]). The increased risk for kidney progression at higher systolic blood pressure levels was greater in patients with urine protein excretion greater than 1.0 g/d (P < 0.006).
Conclusion: Although reverse causation cannot be excluded with certainty, a systolic blood pressure goal between 110 and 129 mm Hg may be beneficial in patients with urine protein excretion greater than 1.0 g/d. Systolic blood pressure less than 110 mm Hg may be associated with a higher risk for kidney disease progression.
*For members of the AIPRD Study Group, see the Appendix.
Editors' Notes
Context
Contribution
Implications
–The Editors
Author and Article Information
From Tufts–New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Ospedale Civile Maggiore, Verona, Italy; University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania; and University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
Grant Support: By grant RO1 DK53869A from the U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (Dr. Levey); grant RO1 HS 10064 from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Dr. Schmid); a grant from Dialysis Clinic, Inc., Paul Teschan Research Fund 1097-5 (Dr. Jafar); New England Medical Center St. Elizabeth's Hospital Clinical Research Fellowship, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr. Jafar); and an unrestricted grant from Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania (Dr. Levey).
Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest:Employment: S. Shahinfar (Merck & Co.); Stock ownership or options (other than mutual funds): S. Shahinfar (Merck & Co.); Consultancies: R.D. Toto (Merck & Co.); Honoraria: R.D. Toto (Merck & Co.); Grants received: R.D. Toto (Merck & Co.), A.S. Levey (Merck & Co.).
Requests for Single Reprints: Andrew S. Levey, MD, Division of Nephrology, Tufts–New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Box 391, Boston, MA 02111.
Current Author Addresses: Dr. Jafar: Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan.
Drs. Stark and Schmid: Division of Clinical Care Research, Biostatistics Research Center, Tufts–New England Medical Center, Box 63, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111.
Dr. Landa: Division of Clinical Care Research, Tufts–New England Medical Center, 35 Kneeland Street #827, Boston, MA 02111.
Dr. Maschio: Division Nefrologia, Ospedale Civile Maggiore, 37126 Verona, Italy.
Drs. Jong and de Zeeuw: University of Groningen, Oostersingel 59, 9713 EZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
Dr. Shahinfar: Merck Research Labs, 10 Sentry Parkway, Walton and Stenton Avenue, BL-1, Blue Bell, PA 19422.
Dr. Toto: Patient-Oriented Research in Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8856.
Dr. Levey: Division of Nephrology, Tufts–New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Box 391, Boston, MA 02111.
Author Contributions: Conception and design: C.H. Schmid, A.S. Levey.
Analysis and interpretation of the data: T.H. Jafar, P.C. Stark, C.H. Schmid, A.S. Levey.
Drafting of the article: T.H. Jafar, P.C. Stark, C.H. Schmid, G. Maschio, P.E. de Jong, D. de Zeeuw, S. Shahinfar, R. Toto, A.S. Levey.
Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: T.H. Jafar, P.C. Stark, C.H. Schmid, G. Maschio, P.E. de Jong, D. de Zeeuw, S. Shahinfar, R. Toto, A.S. Levey.
Final approval of the article: P.C. Stark, C.H. Schmid, G. Maschio, P.E. de Jong, D. de Zeeuw, S. Shahinfar, R. Toto, A.S. Levey.
Provision of the study materials or patients: G. Maschio, P.E. de Jong, D. de Zeeuw, S. Shahinfar, R. Toto.
Statistical expertise: P.C. Stark, C.H. Schmid, A.S. Levey.
Obtaining of funding: T.H. Jafar, C.H. Schmid, A.S. Levey.
Administrative, technical, or logistic support: P.C. Stark, C.H. Schmid, A.S. Levey.
Collection and assembly of the data: T.H. Jafar, P.C. Stark, C.H. Schmid, M. Landa, G. Maschio, P.E. de Jong, D. de Zeeuw, S. Shahinfar, R. Toto. ARTICLE
Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: The Role of Blood Pressure Control, Proteinuria, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition: A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Facebook 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
Related articles in Annals:
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. F.E. Mann, R. E. Schmieder, L. Dyal, M. J. McQueen, H. Schumacher, J. Pogue, X. Wang, J. L. Probstfield, A. Avezum, E. Cardona-Munoz, et al. Effect of Telmisartan on Renal Outcomes: A Randomized Trial Ann Intern Med, July 7, 2009; 151(1): 1 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Ritz The Kidney: Both Culprit and Victim Hypertension, July 1, 2009; 54(1): 25 - 26. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Dhaun, I. M. MacIntyre, V. Melville, P. Lilitkarntakul, N. R. Johnston, J. Goddard, and D. J. Webb Blood Pressure-Independent Reduction in Proteinuria and Arterial Stiffness After Acute Endothelin-A Receptor Antagonism in Chronic Kidney Disease Hypertension, July 1, 2009; 54(1): 113 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. Chan, W.-Y. So, C.-Y. Yeung, G. T. Ko, I.-T. Lau, M.-W. Tsang, K.-P. Lau, S.-C. Siu, J. K. Li, V. T. Yeung, et al. Effects of Structured Versus Usual Care on Renal Endpoint in Type 2 Diabetes: The SURE Study: A randomized multicenter translational study Diabetes Care, June 1, 2009; 32(6): 977 - 982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L.A. Phillips, K.L. Donovan, and A.O. Phillips Renal quality outcomes framework and eGFR: impact on secondary care QJM, June 1, 2009; 102(6): 415 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F.E. Mann, R. E. Schmieder, L. Dyal, M. J. McQueen, H. Schumacher, J. Pogue, X. Wang, J. L. Probstfield, A. Avezum, E. Cardona-Munoz, et al. Effect of Telmisartan on Renal Outcomes: A Randomized Trial Ann Intern Med, May 18, 2009; (2009) 0000605-200907070-00120. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. J Lamb, F. MacKenzie, and P. E Stevens How should proteinuria be detected and measured? Ann Clin Biochem, May 1, 2009; 46(3): 205 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Yoshida, K. Kato, T. Fujimaki, K. Yokoi, M. Oguri, S. Watanabe, N. Metoki, H. Yoshida, K. Satoh, Y. Aoyagi, et al. Association of Genetic Variants with Chronic Kidney Disease in Japanese Individuals Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2009; 4(5): 883 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Vogt, D. de Zeeuw, A. J. J. Woittiez, and G. Navis Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition reduces proteinuria in renal patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2009; 24(4): 1182 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Rule, E. J. Bergstralh, L. J. Melton III, X. Li, A. L. Weaver, and J. C. Lieske Kidney Stones and the Risk for Chronic Kidney Disease Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2009; 4(4): 804 - 811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Agarwal Blood Pressure Components and the Risk for End-Stage Renal Disease and Death in Chronic Kidney Disease Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2009; 4(4): 830 - 837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Soares, J. S. S. Diniz, E. M. Lima, G. R. Oliveira, M. R. Canhestro, E. A. Colosimo, A. C. S. e Silva, and E. A. Oliveira Predictive factors of progression to chronic kidney disease stage 5 in a predialysis interdisciplinary programme Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2009; 24(3): 848 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Thilly, S. Boini, M. Kessler, S. Briancon, and L. Frimat Management and control of hypertension and proteinuria in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease under nephrologist care or not: data from the AVENIR study (AVantagE de la Nephroprotection dans l'Insuffisance Renale) Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2009; 24(3): 934 - 939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Sabanayagam, A. Shankar, S. M. Saw, S. C. Lim, E S. Tai, and T. Y. Wong Socioeconomic status and microalbuminuria in an Asian population Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., January 1, 2009; 24(1): 123 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. HIRSCH An update on proteinuric chronic kidney disease: The dual-goal approach Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, October 1, 2008; 75(10): 705 - 713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. W. J. Sijpkens, N. C. Berkhout-Byrne, and T. J. Rabelink Optimal predialysis care NDT Plus, October 1, 2008; 1(suppl_4): iv7 - iv13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Dhaun, J. Goddard, D. E. Kohan, D. M. Pollock, E. L. Schiffrin, and D. J. Webb Role of Endothelin-1 in Clinical Hypertension: 20 Years On Hypertension, September 1, 2008; 52(3): 452 - 459. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Cattran, H. N. Reich, H. J. Beanlands, J. A. Miller, J. W. Scholey, S. Troyanov, and for the Genes, Gender and Glomerulonephritis Group The impact of sex in primary glomerulonephritis Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., July 1, 2008; 23(7): 2247 - 2253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Danziger Importance of Low-Grade Albuminuria Mayo Clin. Proc., July 1, 2008; 83(7): 806 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. C. Fervenza, S. Sethi, and U. Specks Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: Diagnosis and Treatment Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2008; 3(3): 905 - 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Vogt, F. Waanders, F. Boomsma, D. de Zeeuw, and G. Navis Effects of Dietary Sodium and Hydrochlorothiazide on the Antiproteinuric Efficacy of Losartan J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2008; 19(5): 999 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. J. Appel, J. T. Wright Jr, T. Greene, J. W. Kusek, J. B. Lewis, X. Wang, M. S. Lipkowitz, K. C. Norris, G. L. Bakris, M. Rahman, et al. Long-term Effects of Renin-Angiotensin System-Blocking Therapy and a Low Blood Pressure Goal on Progression of Hypertensive Chronic Kidney Disease in African Americans Arch Intern Med, April 28, 2008; 168(8): 832 - 839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Moranne, L. Watier, J. Rossert, B. Stengel, and The GN-Progress Study Group Primary glomerulonephritis: an update on renal survival and determinants of progression QJM, March 1, 2008; 101(3): 215 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. G. Jaar, R. Khatib, L. Plantinga, L. E. Boulware, and N. R. Powe Principles of Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2008; 3(2): 601 - 609. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Mancia and G. Grassi Editorial: The new European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology (ESH/ESC) Guidelines Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, February 1, 2008; 2(1): 5 - 12. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Tudur Smith and P. R. Williamson A comparison of methods for fixed effects meta-analysis of individual patient data with time to event outcomes Clinical Trials, December 1, 2007; 4(6): 621 - 630. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. N. Reich, S. Troyanov, J. W. Scholey, D. C. Cattran, and for the Toronto Glomerulonephritis Registry Remission of Proteinuria Improves Prognosis in IgA Nephropathy J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., December 1, 2007; 18(12): 3177 - 3183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Omasu, T. Oda, M. Yamada, N. Yoshizawa, K. Yamakami, Y. Sakurai, and S. Miura Effects of pioglitazone and candesartan on renal fibrosis and the intrarenal plasmin cascade in spontaneously hypercholesterolemic rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): F1292 - F1298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. W. M. Saweirs and J. Goddard What are the best treatments for early chronic kidney disease?: A Background Paper prepared for the UK Consensus Conference on Early Chronic Kidney Disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2007; 22(suppl_9): ix31 - ix38. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Lamb, D. G. Fogarty, P. Murchie, E. Ritz, C. Isles, A. Jardine, D. Goldsmith, M. Cassidy, D. O'Donoghue, N. McIntyre, et al. Speaker Abstracts: Tuesday, 6 February 2007 Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2007; 22(suppl_9): ix45 - ix53. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Minutolo, S. Borrelli, R. Scigliano, V. Bellizzi, P. Chiodini, B. Cianciaruso, F. Nappi, P. Zamboli, G. Conte, and L. De Nicola Prevalence and clinical correlates of white coat hypertension in chronic kidney disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2007; 22(8): 2217 - 2223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Authors/Task Force Members:, G. Mancia, G. De Backer, A. Dominiczak, R. Cifkova, R. Fagard, G. Germano, G. Grassi, A. M. Heagerty, S. E. Kjeldsen, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Eur. Heart J., June 11, 2007; (2007) ehm236v1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Kent, T. H. Jafar, R. A. Hayward, H. Tighiouart, M. Landa, P. de Jong, D. de Zeeuw, G. Remuzzi, A.-L. Kamper, A. S. Levey, et al. Progression Risk, Urinary Protein Excretion, and Treatment Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Nondiabetic Kidney Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2007; 18(6): 1959 - 1965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. F. Hou, D. Xie, X. Zhang, P. Y. Chen, W. R. Zhang, M. Liang, Z. J. Guo, and J. P. Jiang Renoprotection of Optimal Antiproteinuric Doses (ROAD) Study: A Randomized Controlled Study of Benazepril and Losartan in Chronic Renal Insufficiency J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2007; 18(6): 1889 - 1898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Coppo, L. Peruzzi, A. Amore, A. Piccoli, P. Cochat, R. Stone, M. Kirschstein, T. Linne, and on behalf of the EC Biomed Concerted Action Projec IgACE: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Children and Young People with IgA Nephropathy and Moderate Proteinuria J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2007; 18(6): 1880 - 1888. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Diwakar, A. L. Pearson, P. Colville-Nash, N. J. Brunskill, and M. E. C. Dockrell The role played by endocytosis in albumin-induced secretion of TGF-beta1 by proximal tubular epithelial cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2007; 292(5): F1464 - F1470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Zhang, L. Zuo, G. Xu, F. Wang, M. Wang, S. Wang, J. Lv, L. Liu, and H. Wang Community-based screening for chronic kidney disease among populations older than 40 years in Beijing Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2007; 22(4): 1093 - 1099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. I Hallan, K. Dahl, C. M Oien, D. C Grootendorst, A. Aasberg, J. Holmen, and F. W Dekker Screening strategies for chronic kidney disease in the general population: follow-up of cross sectional health survey BMJ, November 18, 2006; 333(7577): 1047 - 1047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Smeets, M. L. M. Steenbergen, H. B. P. M. Dijkman, K. N. Verrijp, N. A. J. M. te Loeke, J. Aten, E. J. Steenbergen, and J. F. M. Wetzels Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition prevents development of collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in Thy-1.1 transgenic mice Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 1, 2006; 21(11): 3087 - 3097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. E. de Jong, N. Halbesma, and R. T. Gansevoort Screening for early chronic kidney disease--what method fits best? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2006; 21(9): 2358 - 2361. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Griffin and A. K. Bidani Progression of Renal Disease: Renoprotective Specificity of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2006; 1(5): 1054 - 1065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. E. de Jong and G. C. Curhan Screening, Monitoring, and Treatment of Albuminuria: Public Health Perspectives J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 2006; 17(8): 2120 - 2126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. S. Sever, N. R. Poulter, W. J. Elliott, M. C. Jonsson, H. R. Black, P. S. Sever, N. R. Poulter, W. J. Elliott, M. C. Jonsson, and H. R. Black Blood Pressure Reduction Is Not the Only Determinant of Outcome Circulation, June 13, 2006; 113(23): 2754 - 2774. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Loutzenhiser, K. Griffin, G. Williamson, and A. Bidani Renal autoregulation: new perspectives regarding the protective and regulatory roles of the underlying mechanisms Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): R1153 - R1167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. T. Gansevoort, S. J.L. Bakker, and P. E. de Jong Early Detection of Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease: Is It Feasible? J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2006; 17(5): 1218 - 1220. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Dhaun, J. Goddard, and DavidJ. Webb The Endothelin System and Its Antagonism in Chronic Kidney Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4): 943 - 955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ravera, M. Re, L. Deferrari, S. Vettoretti, and G. Deferrari Importance of Blood Pressure Control in Chronic Kidney Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4_suppl_2): S98 - S103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. E. Vikse, L. M. Irgens, L. Bostad, and B. M. Iversen Adverse Perinatal Outcome and Later Kidney Biopsy in the Mother J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2006; 17(3): 837 - 845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Levey and K. Uhlig Which Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease? Ann Intern Med, February 7, 2006; 144(3): 213 - 215. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. L. Hillege, D. Nitsch, M. A. Pfeffer, K. Swedberg, J. J.V. McMurray, S. Yusuf, C. B. Granger, E. L. Michelson, J. Ostergren, J. H. Cornel, et al. Renal Function as a Predictor of Outcome in a Broad Spectrum of Patients With Heart Failure Circulation, February 7, 2006; 113(5): 671 - 678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C.-c. Hsu, M. S. Bray, W.H.L. Kao, J. S. Pankow, E. Boerwinkle, and J. Coresh Genetic Variation of the Renin-Angiotensin System and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Black Individuals in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2006; 17(2): 504 - 512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. C. Hsu, J. Coresh, and W. H. L. Kao Apolipoprotein E and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease--Reply JAMA, January 4, 2006; 295(1): 35 - 36. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Berl and W. Henrich Kidney-Heart Interactions: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2006; 1(1): 8 - 18. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nangaku Chronic Hypoxia and Tubulointerstitial Injury: A Final Common Pathway to End-Stage Renal Failure J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2006; 17(1): 17 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. A. Khan, I. Ma, C. R. Thompson, K. Humphries, D. N. Salem, M. J. Sarnak, and A. Levin Kidney Function and Mortality among Patients with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2006; 17(1): 244 - 253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. CY, M. CE, D. J, G. AS, I. C, T. E, C. HC, L. M, R. S, R. ER, et al. Which Comes First--Renal Dysfunction or High Blood Pressure?: Elevated Blood Pressure and Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Subjects without Baseline Kidney Disease. Arch Intern Med 165: 923-928, 2005 J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2005; 16(10): 2817 - 2820. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Schmieder, A. U. Klingbeil, E. H. Fleischmann, R. Veelken, and C. Delles Additional Antiproteinuric Effect of Ultrahigh Dose Candesartan: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Prospective Study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2005; 16(10): 3038 - 3045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Pohl, S. Blumenthal, D. J. Cordonnier, F. De Alvaro, G. DeFerrari, G. Eisner, E. Esmatjes, R. E. Gilbert, L. G. Hunsicker, J. B. L. de Faria, et al. Independent and Additive Impact of Blood Pressure Control and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade on Renal Outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial: Clinical Implications and Limitations J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2005; 16(10): 3027 - 3037. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Ravani, G. Tripepi, F. Malberti, S. Testa, F. Mallamaci, and C. Zoccali Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine Predicts Progression to Dialysis and Death in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Competing Risks Modeling Approach J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 2005; 16(8): 2449 - 2455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Levey and C. D. Mulrow An Editorial Update: What Level of Blood Pressure Control in Chronic Kidney Disease? Ann Intern Med, July 5, 2005; 143(1): 79 - 81. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Barratt and J. Feehally IgA Nephropathy J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2005; 16(7): 2088 - 2097. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C Simmonds, J. P T Higginsa, L. A Stewartb, J. F Tierneyb, M. J Clarke, and S. G Thompson Meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials: a review of methods used in practice Clinical Trials, June 1, 2005; 2(3): 209 - 217. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Peralta, L. S. Hicks, G. M. Chertow, J. Z. Ayanian, E. Vittinghoff, F. Lin, and M. G. Shlipak Control of Hypertension in Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States Hypertension, June 1, 2005; 45(6): 1119 - 1124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Jafar, C. H. Schmid, and A. S. Levey Serum Creatinine as Marker of Kidney Function in South Asians: A Study of Reduced GFR in Adults in Pakistan J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2005; 16(5): 1413 - 1419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. G. Vidt Update in Nephrology and Hypertension Ann Intern Med, March 15, 2005; 142(6): 433 - 438. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Jafar, S. Jessani, F. H. Jafary, M. Ishaq, R. Orkazai, S. Orkazai, A. S. Levey, and N. Chaturvedi General Practitioners' Approach to Hypertension in Urban Pakistan: Disturbing Trends in Practice Circulation, March 15, 2005; 111(10): 1278 - 1283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Sarnak, T. Greene, X. Wang, G. Beck, J. W. Kusek, A. J. Collins, and A. S. Levey The Effect of a Lower Target Blood Pressure on the Progression of Kidney Disease: Long-Term Follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Ann Intern Med, March 1, 2005; 142(5): 342 - 351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ravera, E. Ratto, S. Vettoretti, D. Parodi, and G. Deferrari Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy: The Program for Irbesartan Mortality and Morbidity Evaluation J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2005; 16(3_suppl_1): S48 - S52. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Chiurchiu, G. Remuzzi, and P. Ruggenenti Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Renal Protection in Nondiabetic Patients: The Data of the Meta-Analyses J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2005; 16(3_suppl_1): S58 - S63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Franco, S. Oparil, and O. A. Carretero Hypertensive Therapy: Part II Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25): 3081 - 3088. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Franco, S. Oparil, and O. A. Carretero Hypertensive Therapy: Part I Circulation, June 22, 2004; 109(24): 2953 - 2958. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Minerva BMJ, December 20, 2003; 327(7429): E268 - 268. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Chobanian, G. L. Bakris, H. R. Black, W. C. Cushman, L. A. Green, J. L. Izzo Jr, D. W. Jones, B. J. Materson, S. Oparil, J. T. Wright Jr, et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Hypertension, December 1, 2003; 42(6): 1206 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Optimal BP Control for Slowing Kidney-Disease Progression Journal Watch Cardiology, October 10, 2003; 2003(1010): 2 - 2. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Minerva BMJ, September 13, 2003; 327(7415): 630 - 630. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. Mulrow and R. R. Townsend Guiding Lights for Antihypertensive Treatment in Patients with Nondiabetic Chronic Renal Disease: Proteinuria and Blood Pressure Levels? Ann Intern Med, August 19, 2003; 139(4): 296 - 298. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
