 |
 |
|
Home |
Current Issue |
Past Issues |
In the Clinic |
ACP Journal Club |
CME |
Collections |
Audio/Video |
Mobile |
Subscribe |
Tools |
Help |
ACP Online
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 January 2003 | Volume 138 Issue 1 | Pages 24-32
Background: Overweight and obesity in adulthood are linked to an increased risk for death and disease. Their potential effect on life expectancy and premature death has not yet been described.
Objective: To analyze reductions in life expectancy and increases in premature death associated with overweight and obesity at 40 years of age.
Design: Prospective cohort study.
Setting: The Framingham Heart Study with follow-up from 1948 to 1990.
Participants: 3457 Framingham Heart Study participants who were 30 to 49 years of age at baseline.
Measurements: Mortality rates specific for age and body mass index group (normal weight, overweight, or obese at baseline) were derived within sex and smoking status strata. Life expectancy and the probability of death before 70 years of age were analyzed by using life tables.
Results: Large decreases in life expectancy were associated with overweight and obesity. Forty-year-old female nonsmokers lost 3.3 years and 40-year-old male nonsmokers lost 3.1 years of life expectancy because of overweight. Forty-year-old female nonsmokers lost 7.1 years and 40-year-old male nonsmokers lost 5.8 years because of obesity. Obese female smokers lost 7.2 years and obese male smokers lost 6.7 years of life expectancy compared with normal-weight smokers. Obese female smokers lost 13.3 years and obese male smokers lost 13.7 years compared with normal-weight nonsmokers. Body mass index at ages 30 to 49 years predicted mortality after ages 50 to 69 years, even after adjustment for body mass index at age 50 to 69 years.
Conclusions: Obesity and overweight in adulthood are associated with large decreases in life expectancy and increases in early mortality. These decreases are similar to those seen with smoking. Obesity in adulthood is a powerful predictor of death at older ages. Because of the increasing prevalence of obesity, more efficient prevention and treatment should become high priorities in public health.
*For members of the Netherlands Epidemiology and Demography Compression of Morbidity Research Group, see Appendix.
Editors' Notes
Context
Contribution
Cautions
–The Editors
Author and Article Information
From Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank Caspar Looman, René Eijkemans, and Tommy Visscher for their contributions to the development of this study. The authors also thank the Framingham Heart Study coordinators for access to the original data set.
Grant Support: By grants from the Netherlands Heart Foundation (contract 98.138) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (contract 904-66-093), The Hague, the Netherlands.
Requests for Single Reprints: Anna Peeters, PhD, Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; e-mail, peeters{at}mgz.fgg.eur.nl.
Current Author Addresses: Drs. Peeters, Barendregt, Mackenbach, and Bonneux: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Drs. Willekens and Al Mamun: Population Research Center, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
Author Contributions: Conception and design: A. Peeters, J.P. Mackenbach, L. Bonneux.
Analysis and interpretation of the data: A. Peeters, J.J. Barendregt, J.P. Mackenbach, A. Al Mamun, L. Bonneux.
Drafting of the article: A. Peeters, L. Bonneux.
Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: A. Peeters, J.J. Barendregt, J.P. Mackenbach, L. Bonneux.
Final approval of the article: A. Peeters, J.J. Barendregt, J.P. Mackenbach, L. Bonneux.
Provision of study materials or patients: A. Peeters.
Statistical expertise: J.J. Barendregt, F. Willekens, A. Al Mamun.
Obtaining of funding: J.J. Barendregt, J.P. Mackenbach, L. Bonneux. ARTICLE
Obesity in Adulthood and Its Consequences for Life Expectancy: A Life-Table Analysis
30 kg/m2) at age 40 years lived 6 to 7 years less than their normal-weight counterparts. Adults who were overweight (BMI, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) and did not smoke lived about 3 years less than normal-weight nonsmokers. Adults who were obese and smoked lived 13 to 14 years less than normal-weight nonsmokers.
Related articles in Annals:
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  K M McClean, F Kee, I S Young, and J S Elborn Obesity and the lung: 1 {middle dot} Epidemiology Thorax, July 1, 2008; 63(7): 649 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Krajewska, S. Banares, E. E. Zhang, X. Huang, M. Scadeng, U. S. Jhala, G.-S. Feng, and S. Krajewski Development of Diabesity in Mice with Neuronal Deletion of Shp2 Tyrosine Phosphatase Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2008; 172(5): 1312 - 1324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Cochrane Role for a sense of self-worth in weight-loss treatments: Helping patients develop self-efficacy Can Fam Physician, April 1, 2008; 54(4): 543 - 547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Chiolero, D. Faeh, F. Paccaud, and J. Cornuz Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2008; 87(4): 801 - 809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Ringback Weitoft, M. Eliasson, and M. Rosen Underweight, overweight and obesity as risk factors for mortality and hospitalization Scand J Public Health, March 1, 2008; 36(2): 169 - 176. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J F Bult, T. van Dalen, and A. F Muller Surgical treatment of obesity Eur. J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2008; 158(2): 135 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Rosamond, K. Flegal, K. Furie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, N. Haase, S. M. Hailpern, M. Ho, V. Howard, B. Kissela, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2008 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, January 29, 2008; 117(4): e25 - e146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Fabbri, F. Luppi, B. Beghe, and K. F. Rabe Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD Eur. Respir. J., January 1, 2008; 31(1): 204 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Dalziel and L. Segal Time to give nutrition interventions a higher profile: cost-effectiveness of 10 nutrition interventions Health Promot. Int., December 1, 2007; 22(4): 271 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S Rivlin Keeping the young-elderly healthy: is it too late to improve our health through nutrition? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2007; 86(5): 1572S - 1576S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. J. Rodrigo and V. Plaza Body Mass Index and Response to Emergency Department Treatment In Adults With Severe Asthma Exacerbations: A Prospective Cohort Study Chest, November 1, 2007; 132(5): 1513 - 1519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. V. EVERITT and D. G. Le COUTEUR Life Extension by Calorie Restriction in Humans Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., October 1, 2007; 1114(1): 428 - 433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Kramarow, J. Lubitz, H. Lentzner, and Y. Gorina Trends In The Health Of Older Americans, 1970 2005 Health Aff., September 1, 2007; 26(5): 1417 - 1425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Dansinger, A. Tatsioni, J. B. Wong, M. Chung, and E. M. Balk Meta-analysis: The Effect of Dietary Counseling for Weight Loss Ann Intern Med, July 3, 2007; 147(1): 41 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. Buettner, C. Mueller, M. Gick, M. Ferenc, J. Allgeier, T. Comberg, K. D. Werner, C. Schindler, and F.-J. Neumann The impact of obesity on mortality in UA/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2007; 28(14): 1694 - 1701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. T. Hallowell, T. A. Stellato, M. Schuster, K. Graf, A. Robinson, and J. J. Jasper Avoidance of Complications in Older Patients and Medicare Recipients Undergoing Gastric Bypass Arch Surg, June 1, 2007; 142(6): 506 - 512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Rosamond, K. Flegal, G. Friday, K. Furie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, N. Haase, M. Ho, V. Howard, B. Kissela, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2007 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 6, 2007; 115(5): e69 - e171. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Morris, R. D. Stapleton, G. D. Rubenfeld, L. D. Hudson, E. Caldwell, and K. P. Steinberg The Association Between Body Mass Index and Clinical Outcomes in Acute Lung Injury Chest, February 1, 2007; 131(2): 342 - 348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. L. Bakker, R. T. Gansevoort, and D. de Zeeuw Metabolic syndrome: a fata morgana? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., January 1, 2007; 22(1): 15 - 20. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A van Baak and T. L. Visscher Public health success in recent decades may be in danger if lifestyles of the elderly are neglected Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2006; 84(6): 1257 - 1258. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.D.H. Malnick and H. Knobler The medical complications of obesity QJM, September 1, 2006; 99(9): 565 - 579. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. F. Adams, A. Schatzkin, T. B. Harris, V. Kipnis, T. Mouw, R. Ballard-Barbash, A. Hollenbeck, and M. F. Leitzmann Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality in a Large Prospective Cohort of Persons 50 to 71 Years Old N. Engl. J. Med., August 24, 2006; 355(8): 763 - 778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. S. Ommen, J. A. Winston, and B. Murphy Medical Risks in Living Kidney Donors: Absence of Proof Is Not Proof of Absence Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2006; 1(4): 885 - 895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. C. Hall and N. Dalbeth Re: Obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatology, June 1, 2006; 45(6): 782 - 783. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Wilmoth and C. F. Longino Jr. Demographic Trends That Will Shape U.S. Policy in the Twenty-First Century Research on Aging, May 1, 2006; 28(3): 269 - 288. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. Kramer, A. Saranathan, A. Luke, R. A. Durazo-Arvizu, C. Guichan, S. Hou, and R. Cooper Increasing Body Mass Index and Obesity in the Incident ESRD Population J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2006; 17(5): 1453 - 1459. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. L. Bailey, E. E. Whitaker, L. S. Palmer, and L. G. Glance The accuracy of the central landmark used for central venous catheterization of the internal jugular vein. Anesth. Analg., May 1, 2006; 102(5): 1327 - 1332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Kang, L. J. Shaw, S. W. Hayes, R. Hachamovitch, A. Abidov, I. Cohen, J. D. Friedman, L. E.J. Thomson, D. Polk, G. Germano, et al. Impact of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Mortality in Patients With Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Myocardial Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 4, 2006; 47(7): 1418 - 1426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Poirier, T. D. Giles, G. A. Bray, Y. Hong, J. S. Stern, F. X. Pi-Sunyer, and R. H. Eckel Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss: An Update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease From the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): 898 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Thom, N. Haase, W. Rosamond, V. J. Howard, J. Rumsfeld, T. Manolio, Z.-J. Zheng, K. Flegal, C. O'Donnell, S. Kittner, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2006 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): e85 - e151. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. L. Yan, M. L. Daviglus, K. Liu, J. Stamler, R. Wang, A. Pirzada, D. B. Garside, A. R. Dyer, L. Van Horn, Y. Liao, et al. Midlife Body Mass Index and Hospitalization and Mortality in Older Age JAMA, January 11, 2006; 295(2): 190 - 198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. T Villareal, C. M Apovian, R. F Kushner, and S. Klein Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2005; 82(5): 923 - 934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. G. Leveille, C. C. Wee, and L. I. Iezzoni Trends in Obesity and Arthritis Among Baby Boomers and Their Predecessors, 1971-2002 Am J Public Health, September 1, 2005; 95(9): 1607 - 1613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. L. Reynolds, Y. Saito, and E. M. Crimmins The Impact of Obesity on Active Life Expectancy in Older American Men and Women Gerontologist, August 1, 2005; 45(4): 438 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. H. Franco, A. Peeters, L. Bonneux, and C. de Laet Blood Pressure in Adulthood and Life Expectancy With Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women: Life Course Analysis Hypertension, August 1, 2005; 46(2): 280 - 286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Escalante, R. W. Haas, and I. del Rincon Paradoxical Effect of Body Mass Index on Survival in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Role of Comorbidity and Systemic Inflammation Arch Intern Med, July 25, 2005; 165(14): 1624 - 1629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. H. Habib, A. Zacharias, T. A. Schwann, C. J. Riordan, S. J. Durham, and A. Shah Effects of Obesity and Small Body Size on Operative and Long-Term Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Propensity-Matched Analysis Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2005; 79(6): 1976 - 1986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Schattner, H. J. Willis, A. Raykher, P. Brown, O. Quesada, B. Scott, and M. Shike Long-Term Enteral Nutrition Facilitates Optimization of Body Weight JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, May 1, 2005; 29(3): 198 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mora, L. R. Yanek, T. F. Moy, M. D. Fallin, L. C. Becker, and D. M. Becker Interaction of Body Mass Index and Framingham Risk Score in Predicting Incident Coronary Disease in Families Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1871 - 1876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Veugelers and A. L. Fitzgerald Effectiveness of School Programs in Preventing Childhood Obesity: A Multilevel Comparison Am J Public Health, March 1, 2005; 95(3): 432 - 435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Godoy-Matos, L. Carraro, A. Vieira, J. Oliveira, E. P. Guedes, L. Mattos, C. Rangel, R. O. Moreira, W. Coutinho, and J. C. Appolinario Treatment of Obese Adolescents with Sibutramine: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1460 - 1465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. E. Schneider and E. C. Mun Surgical Management of Morbid Obesity Diabetes Care, February 1, 2005; 28(2): 475 - 480. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Mokdad, J. S. Marks, D. F. Stroup, and J. L. Gerberding Correction: Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000 JAMA, January 19, 2005; 293(3): 293 - 294. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Curtis, J. G. Selter, Y. Wang, S. S. Rathore, I. S. Jovin, F. Jadbabaie, M. Kosiborod, E. L. Portnay, S. I. Sokol, F. Bader, et al. The Obesity Paradox: Body Mass Index and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure Arch Intern Med, January 10, 2005; 165(1): 55 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Raebel, D. C. Malone, D. A. Conner, S. Xu, J. A. Porter, and F. A. Lanty Health Services Use and Health Care Costs of Obese and Nonobese Individuals Arch Intern Med, October 25, 2004; 164(19): 2135 - 2140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Z. He and D. W. Baker Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and the Risk of Decline in Overall Health and Physical Functioning in Late Middle Age Am J Public Health, September 1, 2004; 94(9): 1567 - 1573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Krumholz The year in health care delivery and outcomes research J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2004; 44(5): 1130 - 1136. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Mizuno, I-W. Shu, H. Makimura, and C. Mobbs Obesity Over the Life Course Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ., June 16, 2004; 2004(24): re4 - re4. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Mokdad, J. S. Marks, D. F. Stroup, and J. L. Gerberding Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000 JAMA, March 10, 2004; 291(10): 1238 - 1245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Meyerhardt, J. E. Tepper, D. Niedzwiecki, D. R. Hollis, A. D. McCollum, D. Brady, M. J. O'Connell, R. J. Mayer, B. Cummings, C. Willett, et al. Impact of Body Mass Index on Outcomes and Treatment-Related Toxicity in Patients With Stage II and III Rectal Cancer: Findings From Intergroup Trial 0114 J. Clin. Oncol., February 15, 2004; 22(4): 648 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Himes Obesity in Later Life: An Overview of the Issues Research on Aging, January 1, 2004; 26(1): 3 - 12. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Zablotsky and K. A. Mack Changes in Obesity Prevalence Among Women Aged 50 Years and Older: Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1990-2000 Research on Aging, January 1, 2004; 26(1): 13 - 30. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Thorpe Jr. and K. F. Ferraro Aging, Obesity, and Mortality: Misplaced Concern about Obese Older People? Research on Aging, January 1, 2004; 26(1): 108 - 129. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. R Fox Childhood obesity and the role of physical activity The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, January 1, 2004; 124(1): 34 - 39. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. McTigue, R. Harris, B. Hemphill, L. Lux, S. Sutton, A. J. Bunton, and K. N. Lohr Screening and Interventions for Obesity in Adults: Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Ann Intern Med, December 2, 2003; 139(11): 933 - 949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wolk, P. Berger, R. J. Lennon, E. S. Brilakis, and V. K. Somers Body Mass Index: A Risk Factor for Unstable Angina and Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Angiographically Confirmed Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, November 4, 2003; 108(18): 2206 - 2211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Batterham, M. A. Cohen, S. M. Ellis, C. W. Le Roux, D. J. Withers, G. S. Frost, M. A. Ghatei, and S. R. Bloom Inhibition of Food Intake in Obese Subjects by Peptide YY3-36 N. Engl. J. Med., September 4, 2003; 349(10): 941 - 948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
Article
