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4 September 2001 | Volume 135 Issue 5 | Pages 352-366
Purpose: The cause of racial disparities in the use of invasive cardiac procedures remains unclear. To summarize, evaluate, and clarify gaps in the literature, studies examining racial differences in cardiac catheterization, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were reviewed.
Data Sources: MEDLINE search for English-language articles published from 1966 to May 2000.
Study Selection: Empirical studies of adults.
Data Extraction: The odds ratios for procedure use by race were examined for each study; cohorts and covariates were also documented.
Data Synthesis: Literature was classified as one of three groups on the basis of study design. For the first group, which used administrative data, odds ratios (ORs) for African-American patients compared with white patients ranged from 0.41 to 0.94 for cardiac catheterization, from 0.32 to 0.80 for PTCA, and from 0.23 to 0.68 for CABG. Procedure rates were also lower for Hispanic and Asian patients. In the second group, which used detailed clinical data, African-American patients remained disproportionately less likely to receive cardiac catheterization (OR, 0.03 to 0.85), PTCA (OR, 0.20 to 0.87), and CABG (OR, 0.22 to 0.68). A few studies noted that Hispanic and Asian patients were also disproportionately less likely to receive such procedures. The third group used survey methods but found conflicting results regarding patient refusals as a source of racial variation. Less-educated patients and patients who were not as experienced with the procedure were more likely to decline PTCA. Physician bias was also associated with racial variation in recommendations for treatment.
Conclusions: Racial differences in invasive cardiac procedure use were found even after adjustment for disease severity. Future studies should comprehensively and simultaneously examine the full range of patient, physician, and health care system variables related to racial differences in the provision of invasive cardiac procedures.
Author and Article Information
From Bedford Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Alison Pollock for help with manuscript preparation.
Grant Support: By the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service (ECV 97-022.2) (Dr. Kressin, principal investigator) and the American Heart Association and the Pharmaceutical Roundtable (9970113N) (Dr. Kressin, principal investigator). Dr. Petersen is an associate in the Career Development Award Program of the Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service (RCD 95-306).
Requests for Single Reprints: Nancy R. Kressin, PhD, Center for Health Quality, Outcomes and Economic Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 200 Springs Road, Building 70 (152), Bedford, MA 01730; e-mail, nkressin{at}bu.edu.
Current Author Addresses: Dr. Kressin: Center for Health Quality, Outcomes and Economic Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 200 Springs Road, Building 70 (152), Bedford, MA 01730.
Dr. Petersen: Houston Center for Quality of Care and Utilization Studies, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (152) T 110, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. REVIEW
Racial Differences in the Use of Invasive Cardiovascular Procedures: Review of the Literature and Prescription for Future Research
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