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3 August 1999 | Volume 131 Issue 3 | Pages 165-173
Background: Social engagement, which is defined as the maintenance of many social connections and a high level of participation in social activities, has been thought to prevent cognitive decline in elderly persons. However, few longitudinal studies of this relation have been done.
Objective: To determine the relation between social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons.
Design: Cohort study.
Setting: New Haven, Connecticut.
Participants: 2812 noninstitutionalized elderly persons (65 years of age or older) who were interviewed in their homes in 1982, 1985, 1988, and1994.
Measurements: A global social disengagement scale was constructed from the following indicators: presence of a spouse, monthly visual contact with three or more relatives or friends, yearly nonvisual contact with 10 or more relatives or friends, attendance at religious services, group membership, and regular social activities. Cognitive function was assessed with the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Response to the questionnaire was scored as high, medium, or low. Cognitive decline was defined as a transition to a lower category.
Results: Compared with persons who had five or six social ties, those who had no social ties were at increased risk for incident cognitive decline after adjustment for age, initial cognitive performance, sex, ethnicity, education, income, housing type, physical disability, cardiovascular profile, sensory impairment, symptoms of depression, smoking, alcohol use, and level of physical activity. The 3-year odds ratio was 2.24 (95% CI, 1.40 to 3.58; P < 0.001), the 6-year odds ratio was 1.91 (CI, 1.14 to3.18; P = 0.01), and the 12-year odds ratio was2.37 (CI, 1.07 to 4.88; P = 0.03).
Conclusion: Social disengagement is a risk factor for cognitive impairment among elderly persons.
Author and Article Information
From Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank David Wypij, PhD; Jane Murphy, PhD; and Donna Spiegelman, ScD, for their helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.
Grant Support: By grants from the National Institute on Aging (R01-AG11042, N01-AG02105, and N01-AG12102) and by a National Research Service Award (T32-AG00251) (Dr. Bassuk).
Requests for Reprints: Shari S. Bassuk, ScD, Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public Health, 1637 Tremont Street, Boston, MA 02120; e-mail, sbassuk{at}hsph.harvard.edu.
Current Author Addresses: Dr.Bassuk: Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public Health, 1637 Tremont Street, Boston, MA 02120
Drs. Glass and Berkman: Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. ARTICLE
Social Disengagement and Incident Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons
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