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REVIEW

Cardiogenic Shock

Steven M. Hollenberg, MD; Clifford J. Kavinsky, MD, PhD; and Joseph E. Parrillo, MD

6 July 1999 | Volume 131 Issue 1 | Pages 47-59

Purpose: To review the cause, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of cardiogenic shock.

Data Sources: A MEDLINE search of the English-language reports published between 1976 and 1998 and a manual search of bibliographies of relevant papers.

Study Selection: Experimental, clinical, and basic research studies related to cardiogenic shock.

Data Extraction: Data in selected articles were reviewed, and relevant clinical information was extracted.

Data Synthesis: Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue perfusion due to cardiac dysfunction, most commonly caused by acute myocardial infarction. Mortality rates for patients with cardiogenic shock remain frustratingly high, ranging from 50% to 80%. The pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock involves a downward spiral: Ischemia causes myocardial dysfunction, which, in turn, worsens ischemia. Areas of nonfunctional but viable (stunned or hibernating) myocardium can also contribute to the development of cardiogenic shock. The key to achieving a good outcome is an organized approach that includes rapid diagnosis and prompt initiation of therapy to maintain blood pressure and cardiac output. Expeditious coronary revascularization is crucial. When available, emergency cardiac catheterization and angioplasty seem to improve survival. More recent developments, such as placement of coronary stents and use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists, are promising but have not yet been well studied in patients with cardiogenic shock. In hospitals without direct angioplasty capability, stabilization with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation and thrombolysis followed by transfer to a tertiary care facility may be the best option.

Conclusions: Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of shock and myocardial infarction has led to improved treatment. If cardiogenic shock is managed with rapid evaluation and prompt initiation of supportive measures and definitive therapy, outcomes can be improved.

Author and Article Information

From Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.

Requests for Reprints: Steven M. Hollenberg, MD, Section of Cardiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 1159, Chicago, IL 60612.

Current Author Addresses: Dr. Hollenberg: Sections of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 1159, Chicago, IL 60612.

Drs. Kavinsky and Parrillo: Section of Cardiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1653 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612.

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