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16 March 1999 | Volume 130 Issue 6 | Pages 461-470
Background: Serum creatinine concentration is widely used as an index of renal function, but this concentration is affected by factors other than glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Objective: To develop an equation to predict GFR from serum creatinine concentration and other factors.
Design: Cross-sectional study of GFR, creatinine clearance, serum creatinine concentration, and demographic and clinical characteristics in patients with chronic renal disease.
Patients: 1628 patients enrolled in the baseline period of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study, of whom 1070 were randomly selected as the training sample; the remaining 558 patients constituted the validation sample.
Methods: The prediction equation was developed by stepwise regression applied to the training sample. The equation was then tested and compared with other prediction equations in the validation sample.
Results: To simplify prediction of GFR, the equation included only demographic and serum variables. Independent factors associated with a lower GFR included a higher serum creatinine concentration, older age, female sex, nonblack ethnicity, higher serum urea nitrogen levels, and lower serum albumin levels (P < 0.001 for all factors). The multiple regression model explained 90.3% of the variance in the logarithm of GFR in the validation sample. Measured creatinine clearance overestimated GFR by 19%, and creatinine clearance predicted by the Cockcroft-Gault formula overestimated GFR by 16%. After adjustment for this overestimation, the percentage of variance of the logarithm of GFR predicted by measured creatinine clearance or the Cockcroft-Gault formula was 86.6% and 84.2%, respectively.
Conclusion: The equation developed from the MDRD Study provided a more accurate estimate of GFR in our study group than measured creatinine clearance or other commonly used equations.
*For members of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group, see N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:877-84.
Author and Article Information
Presented in part at the Seventh International Congress on Nutrition and Metabolism in Renal Disease, Stockholm, Sweden, 29 May-1 June 1994, and the 30th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Nephrology, San Antonio, Texas, 2-6 November 1997.
Grant Support: By the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the Health Care Financing Administration.
Requests for Reprints: Andrew S. Levey, MD, New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Box 391, Boston, MA 02111.
Current Author Addresses: Dr. Levey: New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Box 391, Boston, MA 02111; e-mail, Andrew.Levey{at}es.nemc.org.
Dr. Bosch: George Washington University, 901 23rd Street SW, Washington, DC 20037.
Dr. Lewis and Ms. Rogers: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 22nd Avenue S, Nashville, TN 37232.
Dr. Greene: Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195.
Dr. Roth: University of Miami Medical Center, 1475 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136. ARTICLE
A More Accurate Method To Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate from Serum Creatinine: A New Prediction Equation
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Y. Lin, Z. Zheng, Y. Li, X. Yuan, J. Hou, S. Zhang, H. Fan, Y. Wang, W. Li, and S. Hu Impact of Renal Dysfunction on Long-Term Survival After Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2009; 87(4): 1079 - 1084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Niessner, P. J. Hohensinner, K. Rychli, S. Neuhold, G. Zorn, B. Richter, M. Hulsmann, R. Berger, D. Mortl, K. Huber, et al. Prognostic value of apoptosis markers in advanced heart failure patients Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2009; 30(7): 789 - 796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Yokoyama, H. Sone, M. Oishi, K. Kawai, Y. Fukumoto, M. Kobayashi, and on behalf of Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Manageme Prevalence of albuminuria and renal insufficiency and associated clinical factors in type 2 diabetes: the Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management study (JDDM15) Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2009; 24(4): 1212 - 1219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Pizzarelli, F. Lauretani, S. Bandinelli, G. B. Windham, A. M. Corsi, S. V. Giannelli, L. Ferrucci, and J. M. Guralnik Predictivity of survival according to different equations for estimating renal function in community-dwelling elderly subjects Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2009; 24(4): 1197 - 1205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. P. Kovesdy, J. E. Anderson, and K. Kalantar-Zadeh Association of serum bicarbonate levels with mortality in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2009; 24(4): 1232 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Goto, T. Kawamura, K. Wakai, M. Ando, M. Endoh, and Y. Tomino Risk stratification for progression of IgA nephropathy using a decision tree induction algorithm Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2009; 24(4): 1242 - 1247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. D. Navaneethan and S. Beddhu Associations of serum uric acid with cardiovascular events and mortality in moderate chronic kidney disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2009; 24(4): 1260 - 1266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Bagnasco, B. S. Mohammed, H. Mani, M. T. Gandolfo, M. Haas, L. C. Racusen, R. A. Montgomery, and E. Kraus Oxalate deposits in biopsies from native and transplanted kidneys, and impact on graft function Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2009; 24(4): 1319 - 1325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Desc{oelig}udres, O. Giannini, M. Aschwanden, T. Eugster, H. Hopfer, M. J. Mihatsch, J. Steiger, and M. Mayr Silent recovery of native kidney function after transplantation in a patient with membranous nephropathy Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2009; 24(4): 1345 - 1349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. DeLoach, M. M. Joffe, X. Mai, S. Goral, and S. E. Rosas Aortic calcification predicts cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in renal transplantation Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2009; 24(4): 1314 - 1319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A Kremmyda and W D Neithercut A review of eGFR reporting after 6 months in practice J. Clin. Pathol., April 1, 2009; 62(4): 345 - 349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Manzano-Fernandez, F. Marin, F. J. Pastor-Perez, C. Caro, F. Cambronero, J. Lacunza, E. Pinar, D. A. Pascual-Figal, M. Valdes, and G. Y. H. Lip Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Major Bleeding Complications and Mortality in Patients With Indication for Oral Anticoagulation Undergoing Coronary Stenting Chest, April 1, 2009; 135(4): 983 - 990. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Dreyer, S. Hull, Z. Aitken, A. Chesser, and M.M. Yaqoob The effect of ethnicity on the prevalence of diabetes and associated chronic kidney disease QJM, April 1, 2009; 102(4): 261 - 269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Alehagen, U. Dahlstrom, and T. L. Lindahl Cystatin C and NT-proBNP, a powerful combination of biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with heart failure: results from a 10-year study in primary care Eur J Heart Fail, April 1, 2009; 11(4): 354 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. F. List, V. Woo, E. Morales, W. Tang, and F. T. Fiedorek Sodium-Glucose Cotransport Inhibition With Dapagliflozin in Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, April 1, 2009; 32(4): 650 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Khosla and R. W. Steiner The MDRD Equation Predicts Peritoneal Dialysis-Delivered Creatinine Clearances from Serum Creatinine Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2009; 4(4): 798 - 803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. L. Zhang, H. Rusinek, L. Bokacheva, R. P. Lim, Q. Chen, P. Storey, K. Prince, E. M. Hecht, D. C. Kim, and V. S. Lee Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-enhanced MR renography: repeated measures of GFR and RPF in hypertensive patients Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): F884 - F891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Kearney-Schwartz, P. Rossignol, S. Bracard, J. Felblinger, R. Fay, J.-M. Boivin, T. Lecompte, P. Lacolley, A. Benetos, and F. Zannad Vascular Structure and Function Is Correlated to Cognitive Performance and White Matter Hyperintensities in Older Hypertensive Patients With Subjective Memory Complaints Stroke, April 1, 2009; 40(4): 1229 - 1236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. H. Boger, L. M. Sullivan, E. Schwedhelm, T. J. Wang, R. Maas, E. J. Benjamin, F. Schulze, V. Xanthakis, R. A. Benndorf, and R. S. Vasan Plasma Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease and Death in the Community Circulation, March 31, 2009; 119(12): 1592 - 1600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Beddhu, S. U. Nigwekar, X. Ma, and T. Greene Associations of resting heart rate with insulin resistance, cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic kidney disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 22, 2009; (2009) gfp057v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Elias, P. K. Elias, S. L. Seliger, S. S. Narsipur, G. A. Dore, and M. A. Robbins Chronic kidney disease, creatinine and cognitive functioning Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 18, 2009; (2009) gfp107v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S. Go, M. C. Fang, N. Udaltsova, Y. Chang, N. K. Pomernacki, L. Borowsky, D. E. Singer, and for the ATRIA Study Investigators Impact of Proteinuria and Glomerular Filtration Rate on Risk of Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation: The Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study Circulation, March 17, 2009; 119(10): 1363 - 1369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. A. Peralta, R. Katz, M. Madero, M. Sarnak, H. Kramer, M. H. Criqui, and M. G. Shlipak The Differential Association of Kidney Dysfunction With Small and Large Arterial Elasticity: The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2009; 169(6): 740 - 748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. R.J. van Kimmenade, J. L. Januzzi Jr, J. A. Bakker, A. J. Houben, R. Rennenberg, A. A. Kroon, H. J.G.M. Crijns, M. P. van Dieijen-Visser, P. W. de Leeuw, and Y. M. Pinto Renal clearance of B-type natriuretic peptide and amino terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide a mechanistic study in hypertensive subjects. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 10, 2009; 53(10): 884 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Cheng, D. A. Morrow, S. Sloan, E. M. Antman, and M. S. Sabatine Predictors of Initial Nontherapeutic Anticoagulation With Unfractionated Heparin in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Circulation, March 10, 2009; 119(9): 1195 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. Vuong, S. Lundberg, I. Gunnarsson, L. Wramner, M. Seddighzadeh, M. Hahn-Zoric, A. Fernstrom, L. A Hanson, L. T. Do, S. H. Jacobson, et al. Genetic variation in the transforming growth factor-{beta}1 gene is associated with susceptibility to IgA nephropathy Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 3, 2009; (2009) gfp079v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S. Frankel, R. S. Vasan, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, E. J. Benjamin, D. Levy, T. J. Wang, and J. B. Meigs Resistin, Adiponectin, and Risk of Heart Failure: The Framingham Offspring Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 3, 2009; 53(9): 754 - 762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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