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15 March 1998 | Volume 128 Issue 6 | Pages 478-487
Purpose: To determine whether the seeming relation between low or lowered cholesterol levels and violence is consistent with causality according to Hill's criteria and whether construct validity is supported by convergence of findings across different types of studies.
Data Sources: Search of the MEDLINE database for English-language articles published between 1965 and 1995 was supplemented by searches of the PsycINFO and Current Contents databases and bibliographies of relevant articles.
Study Selection: Peer-reviewed observational and experimental articles and meta-analyses that presented original research; related cholesterol levels to behaviorally defined violence; and if experimental, had single-factor (lipid-only) intervention.
Data Extraction: Studies were grouped according to type. Data on the relation of violence to cholesterol levels from each study were recorded.
Data Synthesis: Observational studies (including cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies) consistently showed increased violent death and violent behaviors in persons with low cholesterol levels. Some meta-analyses of randomized trials found excess violent deaths in men without heart disease who were randomly assigned to receive cholesterol-lowering therapy. Experimental studies showed increased violent behaviors in monkeys assigned to low-cholesterol diets. Human and animal research indicates that low or lowered cholesterol levels may reduce central serotonin activity, which in turn is causally linked to violent behaviors. Many trials support a significant relation between low or lowered cholesterol levels and violence (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: A significant association between low or lowered cholesterol levels and violence is found across many types of studies. Data on this association conform to Hill's criteria for a causal association. Concerns about increased risk for violent outcomes should Figure in risk–benefit analyses for cholesterol screening and treatment.
Author and Article Information
From the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. For the current author address, see end of text.
PERSPECTIVE
Cholesterol and Violence: Is There a Connection?
Disclaimer: The views expressed here are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the funding agencies.
Acknowledgments: The author thanks Drs. Robert Brook, Michael Criqui, Naihua Duan, Arlene Fink, Hal Morgenstern, Sally Morton, Terrence Sejnowski, and Paul Shekelle for methodologic advice and assistance and Shannon Bush for help with references.
Grant Support: By grants from the Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program and the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation.
Requests for Reprints: Beatrice A. Golomb, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego/San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive 111N-1, La Jolla, CA 92161.
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