Prophylaxis for Occupational Exposure to HIV

15 September 1996 | Volume 125 Issue 6 | Pages 497-501

Effective prophylaxis for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is important for health care providers at risk for exposure to infected blood.The average risk from percutaneous exposure is approximately 0.3%, but exposures involving a high titer of HIV or a large volume of infectious material are apt to be much riskier. A convergence of indirect evidence strongly suggests that chemoprophylaxis with zidovudine after exposure to HIV may be efficacious. Treatment with zidovudine after percutaneous exposure appears to reduce the odds of infection by almost 80%. Zidovudine prophylaxis effectively prevents perinatal HIV transmission, and treatment during acute retroviral infection may attenuate HIV disease. Reports of "aborted" HIV infection among health care providers who have been stuck with contaminated needles suggest that antiretroviral treatment in the window of opportunity after exposure to HIV could prevent virus propagation and allow local cutaneous host defenses to clear the infection. Although efficacy has not been shown in controlled clinical trials, these data support a potential benefit from treatment after exposure. It is difficult to define the optimal regimen that should be used for prophylaxis, given the emergence of antiretroviral resistance among source patients. Current recommendations favor the use of zidovudine plus lamivudine for 4 weeks. Use of indinavir or other protease inhibitors is advised when the source patient is likely to harbor resistant virus or when exposure is especially hazardous.

Author and Article Information

From San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California.
For the current author address, see end of text.
Note: Dr. Gerberding was a corporate consultant for Kimberly Clarke and 3M Corporation and was supported by Glaxo-Wellcome, Pfizer, and Bayer while preparing this paper.
Requests for Reprints: Julie Louise Gerberding, MD, MPH, Epidemiology and Prevention Interventions Center, Medical Service 5H22, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110.