 |
 |
|
Home |
Current Issue |
Past Issues |
In the Clinic |
ACP Journal Club |
CME |
Collections |
Audio/Video |
Mobile |
Subscribe |
Tools |
Help |
ACP Online
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 December 1996 | Volume 125 Issue 12 | Pages 979-982
Background: Atherosclerosis is pathologically similar to a chronic inflammatory response. Recent reports have suggested that Chlamydia pneumoniae may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Objective: To determine, by using various detection methods, whether C. pneumoniae is present in the coronary arteries of patients with coronary atherosclerosis.
Design: Multicenter investigation.
Setting: The Jewish Hospital Heart and Lung Institute in Louisville, Kentucky, and several laboratories.
Patients: 12 patients seeking heart transplantation.
Measurements: Culture for C. pneumoniae was done in HEp-2 cell monolayers. Other methods of detection included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, immunocytochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization.
Results: Chlamydia pneumoniae was cultured from atherosclerotic plaques in one patient with severe coronary artery disease. The organism was found in the atheromas of this patient by PCR assay, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization. In addition, at least one testing method showed C. pneumoniae in coronary artery tissue in six of nine additional patients with coronary atherosclerosis.
Conclusions: This study provides direct evidence of the presence of viable C. pneumoniae in atheromatous lesions. A chronic inflammatory response caused by a persistent infection of the coronary arteries may explain the link between C. pneumoniae and atherosclerosis.
Author and Article Information
The Chlamydia pneumoniae/Atherosclerosis Study Group*.
BRIEF COMMUNICATION
Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from the Coronary Artery of a Patient with Coronary Atherosclerosis
From the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. For the current author address, see end of text.
*For members of the Chlamydia pneumoniae/Atherosclerosis Study Group, see the Appendix.
Grant Support: By the Jewish Hospital Heart and Lung Institute, Louisville, Kentucky.
Requests for Reprints: Julio A. Ramirez, MD, Division of Infectious Diseases, MDR Building, Room 622, 511 South Floyd Street, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. P. Didion Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Endothelial Activation: The Smoke That Precedes the Fire of Atherosclerosis? Circ. Res., April 25, 2008; 102(8): 861 - 863. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Bunk, I. Susnea, J. Rupp, J. T. Summersgill, M. Maass, W. Stegmann, A. Schrattenholz, A. Wendel, M. Przybylski, and C. Hermann Immunoproteomic Identification and Serological Responses to Novel Chlamydia pneumoniae Antigens That Are Associated with Persistent C. pneumoniae Infections J. Immunol., April 15, 2008; 180(8): 5490 - 5498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Miura, H. Toh, H. Hirakawa, M. Sugii, M. Murata, K. Nakai, K. Tashiro, S. Kuhara, Y. Azuma, and M. Shirai Genome-wide Analysis of Chlamydophila pneumoniae Gene Expression at the Late Stage of Infection DNA Res, April 1, 2008; 15(2): 83 - 91. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Takaoka, L. A. Campbell, A. Lee, M. E. Rosenfeld, and C.-C. Kuo Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection Increases Adherence of Mouse Macrophages to Mouse Endothelial Cells In Vitro and to Aortas Ex Vivo Infect. Immun., February 1, 2008; 76(2): 510 - 514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Mukhopadhyay, D. Good, R. D. Miller, J. E. Graham, S. A. Mathews, P. Timms, and J. T. Summersgill Identification of Chlamydia pneumoniae Proteins in the Transition from Reticulate to Elementary Body Formation Mol. Cell. Proteomics, December 1, 2006; 5(12): 2311 - 2318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mukhopadhyay, R. D. Miller, E. D. Sullivan, C. Theodoropoulos, S. A. Mathews, P. Timms, and J. T. Summersgill Protein Expression Profiles of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Models of Persistence versus Those of Heat Shock Stress Response Infect. Immun., July 1, 2006; 74(7): 3853 - 3863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Edfeldt, B. Agerberth, M. E. Rottenberg, G. H. Gudmundsson, X.-B. Wang, K. Mandal, Q. Xu, and Z.-q. Yan Involvement of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 in Human Atherosclerosis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2006; 26(7): 1551 - 1557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Loens, T. Beck, D. Ursi, S. Pattyn, H. Goossens, and M. Ieven Two Quality Control Exercises Involving Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods for Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Carried Out 2 Years Apart (in 2002 and 2004). J. Clin. Microbiol., March 1, 2006; 44(3): 899 - 908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Yang, D. Coriolan, K. Schultz, D. T. Golenbock, and D. Beasley Toll-Like Receptor 2 Mediates Persistent Chemokine Release by Chlamydia pneumoniae-Infected Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2005; 25(11): 2308 - 2314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Cochrane, P. Walker, H. Gibbs, and P. Timms Multiple genotypes of Chlamydia pneumoniae identified in human carotid plaque Microbiology, July 1, 2005; 151(7): 2285 - 2290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Siewert, J. Rupp, M. Klinger, W. Solbach, and J. Gieffers Growth Cycle-Dependent Pharmacodynamics of Antichlamydial Drugs Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., May 1, 2005; 49(5): 1852 - 1856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Rupp, T. Hellwig-Burgel, V. Wobbe, U. Seitzer, E. Brandt, and M. Maass Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes a proliferative phenotype in the vasculature through Egr-1 activation in vitro and in vivo PNAS, March 1, 2005; 102(9): 3447 - 3452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. V. Kozarov, B. R. Dorn, C. E. Shelburne, W. A. Dunn Jr, and A. Progulske-Fox Human Atherosclerotic Plaque Contains Viable Invasive Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 2005; 25(3): e17 - e18. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Ieven and V. Y. Hoymans Involvement of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis: More Evidence for Lack of Evidence J. Clin. Microbiol., January 1, 2005; 43(1): 19 - 24. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Uriarte, R. E. Molestina, R. D. Miller, J. Bernabo, A. Farinati, K. Eiguchi, J. A. Ramirez, and J. T. Summersgill Effects of Fluoroquinolones on the Migration of Human Phagocytes through Chlamydia pneumoniae-Infected and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Stimulated Endothelial Cells Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., July 1, 2004; 48(7): 2538 - 2543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Y. Hoymans, J. M. Bosmans, L. Van Renterghem, R. Mak, D. Ursi, F. Wuyts, C. J. Vrints, and M. Ieven Importance of Methodology in Determination of Chlamydia pneumoniae Seropositivity in Healthy Subjects and in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis J. Clin. Microbiol., September 1, 2003; 41(9): 4049 - 4053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Dechend, J. Gieffers, R. Dietz, A. Joerres, J. Rupp, F. C. Luft, and M. Maass Hydroxymethylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibition Reduces Chlamydia pneumoniae-Induced Cell Interaction and Activation Circulation, July 22, 2003; 108(3): 261 - 265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Yoneda, K. Miura, H. Matsushima, K. Sugi, T. Murakami, K. Ouchi, K. Yamashita, H. Itoh, T. Nakazawa, M. Suzuki, et al. Aspirin inhibits Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced NF-{kappa}B activation, cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 synthesis and attenuates chlamydial growth J. Med. Microbiol., May 1, 2003; 52(5): 409 - 415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cochrane, A. Pospischil, P. Walker, H. Gibbs, and P. Timms Distribution of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in Atherosclerotic Carotid Arteries: Significance for Sampling Procedures J. Clin. Microbiol., April 1, 2003; 41(4): 1454 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. V. Kalayoglu, C. Galvan, O. S. Mahdi, G. I. Byrne, and S. Mansour Serological Association Between Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Arch Ophthalmol, April 1, 2003; 121(4): 478 - 482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. V. Kalayoglu, P. Libby, and G. I. Byrne Chlamydia pneumoniae as an Emerging Risk Factor in Cardiovascular Disease JAMA, December 4, 2002; 288(21): 2724 - 2731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Apfalter, O. Assadian, F. Blasi, J. Boman, C. A. Gaydos, M. Kundi, A. Makristathis, M. Nehr, M. L. Rotter, and A. M. Hirschl Reliability of Nested PCR for Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in Atheromas: Results from a Multicenter Study Applying Standardized Protocols J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2002; 40(12): 4428 - 4434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R Ezzahiri, H.J.M.G Nelissen-Vrancken, H.A.J.M Kurvers, F.R.M Stassen, I Vliegen, G.E.L.M Grauls, M.M.L van Pul, P.J.E.H.M Kitslaar, and C.A Bruggeman Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Chlamydia pneumoniae) accelerates the formation of complex atherosclerotic lesions in Apo E3-Leiden mice Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2002; 56(2): 269 - 276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q Hao, N Miyashita, M Matsui, H-Y Wang, T Matsushima, and T Saida Chlamydia pneumoniae infection associated with enhanced MRI spinal lesions in multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, October 1, 2002; 8(5): 436 - 440. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. S. Mahdi, B. D. Horne, K. Mullen, J. B. Muhlestein, and G. I. Byrne Serum Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Chlamydial Heat Shock Protein 60 but Not to Human and Bacterial Homologs Are Associated With Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(13): 1659 - 1663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Wiesli, W. Czerwenka, A. Meniconi, F. E. Maly, U. Hoffmann, W. Vetter, and G. Schulthess Roxithromycin Treatment Prevents Progression of Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease in Chlamydia pneumoniae Seropositive Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Circulation, June 4, 2002; 105(22): 2646 - 2652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Molestina, J. B. Klein, R. D. Miller, W. H. Pierce, J. A. Ramirez, and J. T. Summersgill Proteomic Analysis of Differentially Expressed Chlamydia pneumoniae Genes during Persistent Infection of HEp-2 Cells Infect. Immun., June 1, 2002; 70(6): 2976 - 2981. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. W. FONG Infections and their role in atherosclerotic vascular disease J Am Dent Assoc, June 1, 2002; 133(suppl_1): 7S - 13S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Kohara, Y. Tabara, Y. Yamamoto, M. Igase, and T. Miki Chlamydia pneumoniae Seropositivity Is Associated With Increased Plasma Levels of Soluble Cellular Adhesion Molecules in Community-Dwelling Subjects: The Shimanami Health Promoting Program (J-SHIPP) Study Stroke, June 1, 2002; 33(6): 1474 - 1479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. C. Tondella, D. F. Talkington, B. P. Holloway, S. F. Dowell, K. Cowley, M. Soriano-Gabarro, M. S. Elkind, and B. S. Fields Development and Evaluation of Real-Time PCR-Based Fluorescence Assays for Detection of Chlamydiapneumoniae J. Clin. Microbiol., February 1, 2002; 40(2): 575 - 583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Boman and M. R. Hammerschlag Chlamydia pneumoniae and Atherosclerosis: Critical Assessment of Diagnostic Methods and Relevance to Treatment Studies Clin. Microbiol. Rev., January 1, 2002; 15(1): 1 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. G. Pantoja, R. D. Miller, J. A. Ramirez, R. E. Molestina, and J. T. Summersgill Characterization of Chlamydia pneumoniae Persistence in HEp-2 Cells Treated with Gamma Interferon Infect. Immun., December 1, 2001; 69(12): 7927 - 7932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Johnston, L. M. Messina, W. S. Browner, M. T. Lawton, C. Morris, and D. Dean C-Reactive Protein Levels and Viable Chlamydia pneumoniae in Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis Stroke, December 1, 2001; 32(12): 2748 - 2752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Wahl, F. Oswald, U. Simnacher, S. Weiss, R. Marre, and A. Essig Survival of Chlamydia pneumoniae-Infected Mono Mac 6 Cells Is Dependent on NF-kappa B Binding Activity Infect. Immun., November 1, 2001; 69(11): 7039 - 7045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Vink, M. Poppen, A. H. Schoneveld, P. J. M. Roholl, D. P. V. de Kleijn, C. Borst, and G. Pasterkamp Distribution of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Human Arterial System and Its Relation to the Local Amount of Atherosclerosis Within the Individual Circulation, March 27, 2001; 103(12): 1613 - 1617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Apfalter, F. Blasi, J. Boman, C. A. Gaydos, M. Kundi, M. Maass, A. Makristathis, A. Meijer, R. Nadrchal, K. Persson, et al. Multicenter Comparison Trial of DNA Extraction Methods and PCR Assays for Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Endarterectomy Specimens J. Clin. Microbiol., February 1, 2001; 39(2): 519 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Smieja, S. Chong, M. Natarajan, A. Petrich, L. Rainen, and J. B. Mahony Circulating Nucleic Acids of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Cytomegalovirus in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography J. Clin. Microbiol., February 1, 2001; 39(2): 596 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Gieffers, H. Fullgraf, J. Jahn, M. Klinger, K. Dalhoff, H. A. Katus, W. Solbach, and M. Maass Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in Circulating Human Monocytes Is Refractory to Antibiotic Treatment Circulation, January 23, 2001; 103(3): 351 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Brouqui and D. Raoult Endocarditis Due to Rare and Fastidious Bacteria Clin. Microbiol. Rev., January 1, 2001; 14(1): 177 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Blessing, S. Nagano, L. A. Campbell, M. E. Rosenfeld, and C.-c. Kuo Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection on Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Infect. Immun., December 1, 2000; 68(12): 7195 - 7197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Farsak, A. Yildirir, Y. Akyön, A. Pinar, M. Öç, E. Böke, and S. Kes Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori DNA in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques by PCR J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2000; 38(12): 4408 - 4411. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Meijer, P J M Roholl, S K Gielis-Proper, Y F Meulenberg, and J M Ossewaarde Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo: a critical evaluation of in situ detection methods J. Clin. Pathol., December 1, 2000; 53(12): 904 - 910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Meijer, P J M Roholl, S K Gielis-Proper, and J M Ossewaarde Chlamydia pneumoniae antigens, rather than viable bacteria, persist in atherosclerotic lesions J. Clin. Pathol., December 1, 2000; 53(12): 911 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. G. Pantoja, R. D. Miller, J. A. Ramirez, R. E. Molestina, and J. T. Summersgill Inhibition of Chlamydia pneumoniae Replication in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells by Gamma Interferon-Induced Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity Infect. Immun., November 1, 2000; 68(11): 6478 - 6481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Muhlestein, B. D. Horne, J. F. Carlquist, T. E. Madsen, T. L. Bair, R. R. Pearson, and J. L. Anderson Cytomegalovirus Seropositivity and C-Reactive Protein Have Independent and Combined Predictive Value for Mortality in Patients With Angiographically Demonstrated Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, October 17, 2000; 102(16): 1917 - 1923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Muhlestein, J. L. Anderson, J. F. Carlquist, K. Salunkhe, B. D. Horne, R. R. Pearson, T. J. Bunch, A. Allen, S. Trehan, and C. Nielson Randomized Secondary Prevention Trial of Azithromycin in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease : Primary Clinical Results of the ACADEMIC Study Circulation, October 10, 2000; 102(15): 1755 - 1760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S A Morre, W Stooker, W K Lagrand, A J C van den Brule, and H W M Niessen Microorganisms in the aetiology of atherosclerosis J. Clin. Pathol., September 1, 2000; 53(9): 647 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Blessing, T.-M. Lin, L. A. Campbell, M. E. Rosenfeld, D. Lloyd, and C.-c. Kuo Chlamydia pneumoniae Induces Inflammatory Changes in the Heart and Aorta of Normocholesterolemic C57BL/6J Mice Infect. Immun., August 1, 2000; 68(8): 4765 - 4768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Louie, L. Louie, and A. E. Simor The role of DNA amplification technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases Can. Med. Assoc. J., August 1, 2000; 163(3): 301 - 309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. W. Fong Emerging relations between infectious diseases and coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis Can. Med. Assoc. J., July 1, 2000; 163(1): 49 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Molestina, R. D. Miller, A. B. Lentsch, J. A. Ramirez, and J. T. Summersgill Requirement for NF-kappa B in Transcriptional Activation of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 by Chlamydia pneumoniae in Human Endothelial Cells Infect. Immun., July 1, 2000; 68(7): 4282 - 4288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Mahony, S. Chong, B. K. Coombes, M. Smieja, and A. Petrich Analytical Sensitivity, Reproducibility of Results, and Clinical Performance of Five PCR Assays for Detecting Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells J. Clin. Microbiol., July 1, 2000; 38(7): 2622 - 2627. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.J. Camm and K.M. Fox Chlamydia pneumonia (and other infective agents) in atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. How good is the evidence? Eur. Heart J., July 1, 2000; 21(13): 1046 - 1051. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Ericson, T. G. P. Saldeen, O. Lindquist, C. Pahlson, and J. L. Mehta Relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection to Severity of Human Coronary Atherosclerosis Circulation, June 6, 2000; 101(22): 2568 - 2571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Rodel, M. Woytas, A. Groh, K.-H. Schmidt, M. Hartmann, M. Lehmann, and E. Straube Production of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Interleukin 6 by Human Smooth Muscle Cells following Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae Infect. Immun., June 1, 2000; 68(6): 3635 - 3641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Epstein, J. Zhu, M. S. Burnett, Y. F. Zhou, G. Vercellotti, and D. Hajjar Infection and Atherosclerosis : Potential Roles of Pathogen Burden and Molecular Mimicry Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2000; 20(6): 1417 - 1420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Wolf, E. Fischer, and T. Hackstadt Ultrastructural Analysis of Developmental Events in Chlamydia pneumoniae-Infected Cells Infect. Immun., April 1, 2000; 68(4): 2379 - 2385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Madico, T. C. Quinn, J. Boman, and C. A. Gaydos Touchdown Enzyme Time Release-PCR for Detection and Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci Using the 16S and 16S-23S Spacer rRNA Genes J. Clin. Microbiol., March 1, 2000; 38(3): 1085 - 1093. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Roivainen, M. Viik-Kajander, T. Palosuo, P. Toivanen, M. Leinonen, P. Saikku, L. Tenkanen, V. Manninen, T. Hovi, and M. Manttari Infections, Inflammation, and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Circulation, January 25, 2000; 101(3): 252 - 257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Hoffmeister, D. Rothenbacher, P. Wanner, G. Bode, K. Persson, H. Brenner, V. Hombach, and W. Koenig Seropositivity to chlamydial lipopolysaccharide and chlamydia pneumoniae, systemic inflammation and stable coronary artery disease: Negative results of a case-control study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., |
Article
